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题库 / GMATLA-RC-128
Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographic - the oldest known bird - appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods - the closest known relatives of birds - date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?
There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx.
There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs' lungs.
Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago.
Theropod dinosaurs did not have fused clavicles.
Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx.
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正确答案是 D，原因如下：这篇文章提到，有些科学家仍然不相信鸟类起源于地面猛兽恐龙。他们提出的论点之一是地面猛兽恐龙的肩胛骨（不熔合的）与鸟类的肩胛骨（熔合的）不同。而选项 D 正是这一点，所以答案是 D。
这里是问科学家不相信鸟是theropod进化而来的原因是什么，原因就是原文中给出的三个：鸟的化石出现的时间早于theropod，二者某个bone不一样，二者lung不一样，正确答案应该是这三个其中一个的变种：
A: 没有theropod的化石出现在鸟的化石之后----这个第一个原因正相反---排除
B:没有theropod的化石显示lung的结构----这是作者反驳第三个原因用的argument：作者认为没有找到表明lung结构相似的化石所以不能说他们就不一样；排除
C;theropod的化石出现在150m年前----这是对原因一的错误表述，原因一说的是鸟的化石出现在150m年前--排除
D--theropod没有fused clavicles， 原因二说的是鸟的fused clavicles和fused clavicles的unfused clavicles不一样，就是说theropod没有fused clavicles，没有这个东西，自然和鸟的这个东西不一样
E: 和原因二正相反，排除
错误选项要不然在曲解/对立原来的argument：比如A/C/E, 要不它用了作者用来反驳的argument混淆视听，比如B
the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods.-->鸟类的锁骨是fused而theropod的是unfused，所以认为鸟类不是从theropod进化来的
B错的原因是ome scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs，科学家只说了觉得complex lungs不可能是从theropod进化来的，而没有说有没有fossils，最后的because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.都是作者自己的判断，也就是说作者说的没有fossils，所以无法判断这个说法对不对
原文中提到的鸟的锁骨是愈合锁骨，而恐龙的是未愈合锁骨，长得不一样，所以他们应该不是同一物种，这种解释只有在早期恐龙锁骨化石被找到的恶时候才说得通，现在更多的looks like wishbone的恐龙化石被找到了，足以证明这个解释是无力的，从而说明之前科学家做此假设的科学家并没有找到 愈合锁骨这种类型的恐龙化石
错选b，由于文中提到鸟类的肺很复杂，恐龙的肺不一样，然后又提到没有肺的化石被发现，融合以上三点而错选，其实没有化石是作者反驳反对者的依据，做题时间35秒，细节题还是应该会看原文。为什么没选d，因为文中提到恐龙和鸟的wish bone不一样，但后来又有证据说一样，故而觉得反对者不可能以此作为观点，事实上因为化石发现有时间差，反对者确实以此作为观点，后边是作者的反驳。脑内融合信息不可取啊。。。
the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods.-->鸟类的锁骨是fused而theropod的是unfused（这是两种不同样的骨头），所以认为鸟类不是从theropod进化来的
B中的内容是作者提出的，科学家对于lung这一点只是提出质疑lung并没有说evidence的事情
B选项：反对的科学家说的是，不大可能从复杂的肺进化过来。而作者补充：可能只是证明相似性的化石还没有被找到。
B选项错的原因是no known... that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs' lung是原文中没给出的内容，原文说could not have evolved the complex lungs，选项过度解读了
这个题目问的是什么意思？问科学家不相信鸟从 theropod dinosaurs进化的论据？为啥不能选B
A不对是因为，恐龙化石应该是before或at这个原始鸟的而不应该是after
主要是因为不知道Skeptics指的是scientist。。。。。。。。
B的问题主要是，科学家只表明：Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs。 没有说肺部有没有保存下来。
错选b，
最后说的是no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record
没有仔细读文章
没有lung可以fossile
? “鸟的fused c 不同于恐龙的unfused c” = “恐龙没有fused c”？ 怎么可以这样推？ 这基于的大前提是恐龙浑身上下只有一种C，这个大前提在文章中有任何显现吗？
A. 无关Arch后面的时间 B. 这个是作为反驳这些科学家的支持 C. 如果出现了也是反驳科学家 D. 没有锁骨支持了不是进化 E. 反驳
an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs对应skeptics。
Q7有点迷惑性，原文对应的直接的人物不是25行的some scientists而是18行的skeptics，主要是读清题干，选项必须是质疑者的直接主观argument（D）而不是以以作者的角度描述事实（B）
所以选D
Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods.
B） fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs' lungs. indicate的东西错
定位Skeptics also argue that the *fused* clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the *unfused* clavicles of theropods. 鸟的锁骨是融合的，，恐龙的锁骨是分开的。
难，看了好几遍还是有很多不理解，生词，意思，都很难理解。考试遇到这个就晕了。。。
Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed.
句子意思说 有些 T的胸骨也像鸟A那样融化。
我看了已经无数遍了，对这答案才知道这意思