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题库 / Prep2012-RC-51
Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women's suffrage. For example, why was women's suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970s? Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920. However, urbanization cannot fully explain women's suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did. It is true that Switzerland's urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women's suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons. However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?
A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.
There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.
Swiss workers Iiving in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.
Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
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答案是 E。文章指出，1920 年，只有美国不太城市化的州才赋予女性选举权；而就地城市化的瑞士也是如此。文章还指出，不止瑞士，甚至比瑞士更不城市化的国家，如柬埔寨和加纳，早在 1970 年前就赋予了女性选举权。因此，文章暗示，到 1920 年，美国比瑞士有更高的城市化比例。因此，答案是 E。
有的时候不能主观揣摩作者意图，有的时候又需要
原文的only我都不敢去主观猜测作者的意思是说美国的一定高于29%
It says US and Sweden diverged ..... Sweden low thus US high
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Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization:的确瑞士和美国，在industrialization和urbanization成正比，不同。前面讲到了瑞士industrialization程度比美国高，后面又讲到瑞士urbanization程度低，所以推断出来美国的urbanization程度高。（找到原文定位的这句话是关键）
文章尝试一步一步反驳基于许多学者的“经济发展-尤其工业化和城市化-对促进女性民主参与”的推论：说这个支撑是不够充分的。
（1）工业化不足以解释女性参选：为什么1920美国和瑞士都经历了长足的工业化（美国33%，瑞士44%），但女性在美国有选举权、在瑞士没有呢？
（2）虽然美国和瑞士在城市化方面的差异和它们在工业化的差异不一样（也就是说不是等比的、甚至不是同向correlate的），1920瑞士有44%的工业化、却只有29%的城市化 vs 美国有33%的工业化、应该是有更高的城市化%
（3）城市化也不足以解释女性参选：1920美国只有乡下的女性有选举权、柬埔寨和加纳等much less urbanized countries女性有选举权，但当时29%城市化率的瑞士却没有
（4）进一步排除城市化：虽说瑞士的城市cantons比乡下cantons更早赋予女性选举权，但是，这些城市cantons都是因为share其他特征-语言or左派-才让女性参选的，而不是因为他们在城里所以才给女性选举权
这篇文章虽然是一段式，中间对比信息比较多，但是在读的过程中把文章分section。就会发现结构很明显。
一开始一个theory解释女性选举权变高
接着作者一个一个反驳
先是经济发展
再是城市化
最后作者也没有下结论到底是因为什么，所以就是纯反驳第一句的theory
有了文章架构，每句话也就知道为什么写了，无非就是statement/support上一句。碰到detail回去定位，找和定位最相近的答案。碰到infer回去定位，再顺着作者写作逻辑稍微推理一下
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization
Granted理所当然的；diverged不同于；S和USA在工业化和城镇化程度不同
Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
瑞士和美国在工业扩张与城市化的程度上存在分歧:瑞士的工业化程度高于美国，但是城市化程度不如美国
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
rc
错选c，在c上犹豫很久，；c是不对题意；选项说的没错但是不和题意
问题问的是The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?
那么一切都要围绕urbanization，C讨论的是就业，涉及industrialization，超纲了，所以pass
rc
错选c，在c上犹豫很久，；c是不对题意；
问题问的是The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?
那么一切都要围绕urbanization，C讨论的是就业，涉及industrialization，超纲了，所以pass
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
文中原句
注意only，暗示着美国城市化的百分比一定高于29%
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920。E看错了，理解成了单纯的人多而不是百分比大，眼瞎
这题如果谨记题目问的是”城镇化“，就不会在C上犹豫
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
文中原句
注意only，暗示着美国城市化的百分比一定高于29%
only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920
注意only，暗示着美国城市化的百分比一定高于29%
only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities
取非+比较，同义替换
这题选对了，在C上犹豫了一下
想的是Swiss城里居民百分比少，在工厂工作的人百分比多，那么找工作就容易一些
仔细想想，题目问的是The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?
那么一切都要围绕urbanization，C讨论的是就业，涉及industrialization，超纲了，所以pass
Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization
coinicide with 一致，城市化工业化两个国家都是一致的相反的
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
only是关键啊！不过排除法也应该能做对。
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
难题都是取反!