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题库 / OG2016-CR-114
Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. In order to reduce the amount of residual ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year's total, the city has revamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year's number.
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?
This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.
Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residual ash.
Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year.
The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.
The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year.
情景：去年Shelbyville城收集的垃圾都被焚烧掉了。焚烧产生了大量灰烬。为了把灰烬减少到去年的一半，Shelbyville城修改了垃圾收集计划，今年决定回收再利用一些垃圾，以此来使焚烧的垃圾数量减半。
推理：由于本题的问题问的是方案，所以肯定为方案推理。
本题的推理结构为：
目标：使焚烧的垃圾数量减半
方案：Shelbyville城修改了垃圾收集计划，今年决定回收再利用一些垃圾
选题方式：方案推理有三个评估方向，简而言之，即，答案选项一定和方案的内容相关。
选项分析：
A选项：今年，城市可以分类回收的垃圾将不会被焚烧。本选项讨论的是哪种垃圾会（不会）被焚烧，和城市的方案没有关系。
B选项：将可回收的垃圾分类的费用少于去年处理灰烬的费用。本选项讨论的是城市的成本问题，由于推理文段中并没有说政府花不起处理灰烬的费用，所以本选项不能评估方案推理。
C选项：今年所收集的垃圾比去年包括更大比例的可回收垃圾。本选项讨论的是今年回收的垃圾的性质，和方案无关。
D选项：Correct. 今年所焚烧的垃圾，每车垃圾产生的灰烬不比去年多。如果今年回收的垃圾产生的灰烬更多，那么纵然垃圾总量少了一半，灰烬数来时不怎么容易减小，让方案无法达成目标。属于CQ1：方案的可行性问题。
E选项：今年收集的垃圾总量不比去年多。如果今年收集的垃圾比去年多，那么该选项可以在一定程度上削弱方案推理，但是强度不那么强，因为就算是垃圾更多，也可能被分类出来的更多，继而可以减少至去年的一半。
答案（d）
目标：减少residual ash
方案：修改垃圾收集计划，多回收，使得【运垃圾焚烧的卡车数量减少一半】
求assumption，如果纠结选项，用否定法。正确选项取非，会反驳原文推理。
同样要注意assumption的定义：something must be true to draw the conclusion.
A. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.→取非回收的垃圾也要焚烧，那么焚烧垃圾数量还是可以减少一半啊。回收的+不回收的焚烧垃圾之和是原来一半就行了，不能反驳原文目标。
D. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.→注意原文推理，“运垃圾焚烧的卡车一半”要实现目标“垃圾焚烧量一半”，gap是每辆卡车运的垃圾数。只有每辆卡车的垃圾数不变，才能使得推理成立。
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