In current historiography, the picture of a consistent, unequivocal decline in women's status with the advent of capitalism and industrialization is giving way to an analysis that not only emphasizes both change (whether improvement or decline) and continuity but also accounts for geographical and occupational variation.
The history of women's work in English farmhouse cheese making between 1800 and 1930 is a case in point. In her influential Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution (1930), Pinchbeck argued that the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with its attendant specialization and enlarged scale of operation, curtailed women's participation in the business of cheese production. Earlier, she maintained, women had concerned themselves with feeding cows, rearing calves, and even selling the cheese in local markets and fairs. Pinchbeck thought that the advent of specialization meant that women's work in cheese dairying was reduced simply to processing the milk. "Dairymen" (a new social category) raised and fed cows and sold the cheese through factors, who were also men. With this narrowing of the scope of work, Pinchbeck believed, women lost business ability, independence, and initiative.
Though Pinchbeck portrayed precapitalist, preindustrial conditions as superior to what followed, recent scholarship has seriously questioned the notion of a golden age for women in precapitalist society. For example, scholars note that women's control seldom extended to the disposal of the proceeds of their work. In the case of cheese, the rise of factors may have compromised women's ability to market cheese at fairs. But merely selling the cheese did not necessarily imply access to the money: Davidoff cites the case of an Essex man who appropriated all but a fraction of the money from his wife's cheese sales.
By focusing on somewhat peripheral operations, moreover, Pinchbeck missed a substantial element of continuity in women's participation: throughout the period women did the central work of actually making cheese. Their persistence in English cheese dairying contrasts with women's early disappearance from arable agriculture in southeast England and from American cheese dairying. Comparing these three divergent developments yields some reasons for the differences among them. English cheesemaking women worked in a setting in which cultural values, agricultural conditions, and the nature of their work combined to support their continued participation. In the other cases, one or more of these elements was lacking.
The passage describes the work of Pinchbeck primarily in order to
demonstrate that some of the conclusions reached by recent historians were anticipated in earlier scholarship
provide an instance of the viewpoint that, according to the passage's author, is being superseded
illustrate the ways in which recent historians have built on the work of their predecessors
provide a point of reference for subsequent scholarship on women's work during the agricultural revolution
show the effect that the specialization introduced in the agricultural and industrial revolutions had on women's work
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答案是 B。Pinchbeck的作品被提及的目的是为了提供一个被作者认为正在被取代的观点的实例。文中指出,在当前的历史学家中,以往有关工业化和资本主义带来妇女地位明确减弱的图景正在被替代,需要一个分析,这个分析不仅强调变化,无论是改善或者是减弱,而且还要解释地理和职业上的差异。Pinchbeck的观点是被作者所取代的例子。
superseded 取代 废弃
P1里面已经说了,老的picture is giving awang to 新的。Pinchbeck的是一个老的例子,要被取代
The history of women's work in English farmhouse cheese making between 1800 and 1930 is a case in point里的case in point是指decline in women's status with the advent of capitalism and industrialization
superseded被取代的意思