In the seventh century B.C., the Roman alphabet was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet, which in turn had been adapted in the previous century from a western Greek alphabet, which itself had been adapted earlier in the same century from the Phoenician alphabet.
which itself had been adapted earlier
adapting itself earlier
itself being adapted earlier
having been earlier adapted itself
earlier itself having been adapted
题目分析:
本题中出现了反身代词itself,这种代词在GMAT考试中远不如普通代词(it、they等)常见,考生们需要从五个选项中注意理解反身代词的用法。
选项分析:
A选项:Correct. 本选项在逻辑和语法上均是正确的。本选项是定语从句,which后的itself是反身代词,此处做主语的同位语(先行词在该定语从句中充当主语)。
B选项:本选项的adapting是现在分词,做定语修饰a western Greek alphabet。这一点本身没有问题,但是,现在分词表示其同其逻辑主语的关系是主动关系,即,a western Greek alphabet主动的改编(adapt)了自己(此时,反身代词itself做adapt的宾语)。在逻辑上,只能是a western Greek alphabet被改编(adapt),而不能主动发出改编这个动作。
C选项:本选项是一个独立主格结构,但是在语法上不正确。因为,反身代词不能独立作主语,只能做主语的同位语。
D选项:having been earlier adapted itself中的itself位置不正确。同位语需要紧贴着先行词,放置在其身后。
E选项:本选项是独立主格结构,错误同(C)。
A: itself modifies which.
反身代词作代词,表示先行词对自己实施了一个动作,如:After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. 委员会解散了自己;或者作先行词的同位语,如:I went to the cinema myself. 或 I myself went to the cinema.
反身代词不能作主语,Wrong:Myself went to the cinema.
*1 R was adapted from E
*2 E was adapted from G
*3 G was adapted from P
这三个事件发生顺序是3->2->1,由于1用一般过去式,2用过去完成时,所以3必须用过去完成时表面其发生顺序,由此可以直接排除B、C
D、E都有一个问题,就是V-ing作修饰成分时可以处于句子的任何位置,having xxx可以修饰R,也可以修饰E,也可以修饰G,itsel在这里仍然指代不清,所以confusing
而A中itself的强调作用是作为,which的自身代词,由于,which确切地修饰紧接在前的G,所以没问题
所以其实也有对应关系,which in turn had been adapted应与which itself had been adapted对应
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CE选项的独立主格结构使用错误,反身代词不能独立作主语,只能做主语的同位语。
D选项的having done结构做定语位于句首或句子中修饰主语,itself 多余
在逻辑上,只能是a western Greek alphabet被改编(adapt),而不能主动发出改编这个动作。
反身代词不能独立作主语,只能做主语的同位语。
同位语需要紧贴着先行词,放置在其身后。
B选项:adapting的主语将会是the Roman alphabet, 同时表现不出来时态上的过去的过去;
C选项:反身代词不能做主语;同时时态为现在时,无法表示过去的过去;
D选项:having...主语将是the Roman alphabet,与语义不符;
E选项:itself不能做主语,同时earlier位置不对,应该放在in the same century 之前;
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