Birds have been said to be descended from certain birdlike dinosaur species with which they share distinctive structural features. The fossil record, however, shows that this cannot be so, since there are bird fossils that are much older than the earliest birdlike dinosaur fossils that have been found.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


The birdlike dinosaurs have no living descendants.

There are no flightless dinosaur species that have the distinctive structural features shared by birds and birdlike dinosaurs.

There are no birdlike dinosaur fossils that are older than the bird fossils but have not yet been unearthed.

It could not have been the case that some birds were descended from one of the birdlike dinosaur species and other birds from another.

Birds cannot have been descended from dinosaur species with which the birds do not share the distinctive structural features.

考题讲解

情景:鸟类被认为是鸟状恐龙的后代。但是,现在的化石记录告诉我们,不是的。有一种比鸟状恐龙更加年代久远的鸟的化石被发现。

推理:首先找准本题的结论。本题的结论是The fossil record, however, shows that this cannot be so. 由于前提和结论讨论的是两件事,并且结论为果,所以本题为因果推理
顺序的因果逻辑:因为有一种比鸟状恐龙更加年代久远的鸟的化石被发现,所以鸟类不可能是鸟状恐龙的后代
(因)前提:有一种比鸟状恐龙更加年代久远的鸟的化石被发现
(果)结论:鸟类不可能是鸟状恐龙的后代

选题方式:因果推理只有一个评估方向,简而言之,即(由于本题问的是加强,所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足),反驳推理文段中的结论。

选项分析:

A选项:鸟状恐龙没有活着的后代。若鸟状恐龙有活着的后代,则其不能反驳“鸟类不可能是鸟状恐龙的后代”(可能还有一部分加强的作用)。

B选项:没有不会飞的恐龙拥有鸟类和鸟状恐龙都有的独特结构特点。本选项和结论没有关系。

C选项:Correct. 没有鸟状恐龙的比鸟类更久远的化石没有被发现。显然地,如果有这样的化石,那么鸟状恐龙就又有可能是鸟类的前身了。

D选项:不
可能的是,某些鸟类是进化自某一种鸟状恐龙的,其它的是进化自另外一种鸟状恐龙。无论鸟类进化自几种恐龙,其均不能反驳鸟类不是鸟状恐龙的后代。

E选项:
鸟类不可能进化自和它们完全没有共同的结构特点的恐龙种类。无论鸟状恐龙是否与鸟类有共同特点,本选项均不能反驳结论

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