Jon Clark's study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed tobelieve, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists' version of technological determinism?
It is the available technology that determines workers' skills, rather than workers' skills influencing the application of technology.
All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.
Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips.
Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development.
Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.
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正确答案是 B。社会建构主义者认为技术和社会之间是一种互动关系,并坚持认为可能性技术和人类需求之间的持续协商是所有技术进步的根源。因此,B 选项提出的观点最能体现社会建构主义者对技术决定论的看法。
问的是社会决定论是怎么看技术决定论的?
社会决定论认为技术决定论的意思是技术是孤立于社会、单独存在的。
B实际上是constructivists自己的观点:Technological change is constructed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
这个题纯纯就是没看懂问题,问的不是C的看法,而是C怎么看T的看法的
注意审题,问的是the [social constructivists' version] of technological determinism,定位第三段The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed tobelieve, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
定位:The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
科技是在社会的外部,有能力直接影响技能和工作组织
The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
rc
认真读题“clearly exemplifies the social constructivists' version of technological determinism”;
定位在第三段
The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
rc
认真读题“clearly exemplifies the social constructivists' version of technological determinism”;定位第二段;找准定位;;仔细读定位文字,选a
rc
定位第二段;找准定位;仔细读定位文字,选a
问的是social constructivists怎么理解的tech determinism。第三段专门说的他们的误解,第三段最后一句说他们认为tech是独立于社会,但是可以直接影响工作,即A。
问题诗在 social constructivists的看法中,technological determinism是怎样的?
定位:technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.科技可以独立存在在社会之外,直接影响技术和工作组织
我晕。。。竟然是问的SC怎么假设的,其实是借SC之口表达(他们认为的)TD 的意见,囧
仔细读题目!!一定要仔细读题目!!
妈呀...文章也狡猾 题目也狡猾
问题是C观点中的D观点版本儿是啥样子
B选项: 'technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery/ imposes/ appropriate forms of order on society.'显示with no negotiation.其中impose是施加,强加的意思;
定位: that /machinery// imposes appropriate forms of order on society/. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view /technology/ as existing outside society, capable of directly /influencing skills and work organization/.
A选项的定位在:The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting(constructivists对于technological determinism的理解) technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.工业技术的所有进步都是在技术可能性和人类需求之间不断谈判的结果。
虽然定位对了,还是选错了
细节题:第一段结尾提出social constructivism.,所以定位到第二段第一句话 :
“The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: XXXX , in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. 即A
错选B, 着实险恶,引用了文章中的观点,但是这个观点不是social constructivism的,是 Clark的观点