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题库 / OG2018-RC-470
Resin is a plant secretion that hardens when exposed to air; fossilized resin is called amber. Although Pliny in the first century recognized that amber was produced from “marrow discharged bytrees,” amber has been widely misunderstood to be a semiprecious gem and has even been described in mineralogy textbooks. Confusion also persists surrounding the term “resin,” which was defined before rigorous chemical analyses were available. Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap, an aqueous solution transported through certain plant tissues. Resin differs from both gum and sap in that scientists have not determined a physiological function for resin.
In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects. Fraenkel conjectured that plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects. But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin. This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site.Later researchers suggested that resin mediates the complex interdependence, or“coevolution,” of plants and insects over time. Such ideas led to the development of the specialized discipline of chemical ecology, which is concerned with the role of plant chemicals in interactions with other organisms and with the evolution and ecology of plant antiherbivore chemistry (plants' chemical defenses against attack by herbivores such as insects).
The author of the passage refers to Pliny most probably in order to
give an example of how the nature of amber has been misunderstood in the past
show that confusion about amber has long been more pervasive than confusion about resin
make note of the first known reference to amber as a semiprecious gem
point out an exception to a generalization about the history of people's understanding of amber
demonstrate that Pliny believed amber to be a mineral
题目分析：
文章推断题：文章提到Pliny是为了？
原文：虽然P认为琥珀是树流出的髓，但琥珀被广泛的误解为是一种宝石，并被记载在矿物质书里。
选项分析：
A选项：举出一个琥珀在之前如何被误解的例子：P的看法是正确的，没有误解琥珀。
B选项：表明对琥珀的误解比对resin的误解要普遍得多：无关。
C选项：标记一下第一个认为琥珀是宝石的记载：P没有认为琥珀是宝石。
D选项：正确。指出一个 在人们对琥珀的理解中的例外：P与世人认为的不一样，所以是一个例外。
E选项：表明P认为琥珀是矿物质：不是P的观点。
这个真的是although没看到造成错选的。。。
ALTHOUGH！虽然P发现....(正确的理解)，但是人们仍普遍的错误地认为......
A选项：举出一个琥珀在之前如何被误解的例子：P的看法是正确的，没有误解琥珀。
rc
a.give an example of how the nature of amber has been misunderstood in the past举出一个琥珀在之前如何被误解的例子：P的看法是正确的，没有误解琥珀。
b.point out an exception to a generalization about the history of people's understanding of amber指出一个 在人们对琥珀的理解中的例外：P与世人认为的不一样，所以是一个例外
不要看到give an example就去选，都有很多陷阱，问的是poliny一个提出正确观点的人；所以看选项一定要看全，尤其是后半句，不要只根据前面的几个词定性
rc
A选项：举出一个琥珀在之前如何被误解的例子：P的看法是正确的，没有误解琥珀。
D选项：正确。指出一个 在人们对琥珀的理解中的例外：P与世人认为的不一样，所以是一个例外
Although Pliny in the first century recognized that amber was produced from “marrow discharged bytrees,” amber has been widely misunderstood to be a semiprecious gem and has even been described in mineralogy textbooks.
although作为让步状语从句，和主句的‘大部分人对resin持有错误理解’形成转折
错选a， poliny没有误解，是大众误解了
d更全面
the question is asking P, instead of general understanding of amber
the context said P is right in.....,, thus we shd not choose A as A said P is incorrect
原文：尽管p在公元一世纪就认识到琥珀是由“树木排出的骨髓”产生的，但琥珀一直被广泛误解为一种半珍贵的宝石，甚至在矿物学教科书中也有描述。
让步
错选A
原文出现Pliny的这个长句的意思：“虽然Pliny在公元一世纪就指出amber的来源是一种植物，但是amber还是被很多人误认为是一种宝石，甚至还出现在矿物学的教科书里。” 然后下文接着描述对于resin也有类似的误解。
A（错）. Pliny对于amber的理解是正确的，所以A答案认为Pliny的说法是误解的一个例子是错误的。
B（错）. 这个答案的核心是认为作者提到Pliny是要表达一种对比：对amber的误解，比对resin的误解更加普遍。从原文整句话来看，确实是在表达对于amber的误解很普遍，但是并没有涉及到对比。因此B答案错误。
C（错）.这个答案跟A犯了类似的错误，也是认为Pliny把amber认为是一种宝石，与原文正相反。
D（正确）. 答案的主旨是：作者提到Pliny的原因是为了指出在大范围的对于amber的误解中，依然存在一个例外。原文中先说了Pliny对amber的正确认识，又说了大众普遍的持久的错误认知，符合D答案的表述。—— 其实这个答案并不非常准确，因为最句话的作用最合适的表达其实是：To emphasis the popularity and the pervasiveness of the misunderstanding of amber. 但是因为没有这样的答案，所以D是最佳选项。
E. 同AC，搞反了Pliny的认识，正确的说成了错误的。
雖然p說amber是樹的骨髓，但是amber還是比較常被誤認為礦物。說明p對於amber的認知，屬於例外
错选了a，理解错意思了。题目问的是提到p的目的是什么。有although在表示与主句的转折。如果题目问的是主句的目的才有可能选a吧
大众误解了，P并未误解
P则是例外