The Eastern State Penitentiary was established in 1822 by reformers advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them.
advocating that prisoners be held in solitary confinement and hard labor so as to reform them
who were advocating prisoners to be held in solitary confinement and hard labor for their reform
advocating solitary confinement and hard labor as the means to reform prisoners
who advocated solitary confinement and hard labor for the means of prisoner reform
advocating as the means for prisoner reform solitary confinement and hard labor
题目分析:
选项分析:
A选项:advocating为reformers的后置定语,现在分词形式表主动。that引导了advocate的宾语从句,意为“改革家拥护一件事”,什么事呢,罪犯应该“be held in solitary confinement and (be held in) hard labor”。
我们知道,一句话中的核心词为这句话的谓语动词,那么此时改革者拥护的就是“be held”,即“被关”这个动作。但逻辑上他们拥护的应该是“solitary confinement 和 hard labor”这两个东西。
B选项:此时被拥护的是prisoners,错误同A。
C选项:正确。字面意思为“拥护单独监禁和劳役作为改造罪犯的方法”。
D选项:for the means of用法错误。此时字面意思为“拥护单独监禁和劳役为了罪犯改造的方法”。
E选项:此选项将advocate的宾语置于宾补之后,还原为“advocate confinement and hard labor as the means for prisoner reform.”。这种将宾语放在宾补之后的倒装在GMAT中是常见的,一般是因为和宾补相比,宾语过长,为了避免认不出宾补,会将宾语置后。但在此选项中,与C相比,这一倒装完全没有必要。所以,相比之下,排除E。
A.advocate 这件事一点毛病没有,问题出在后面so as to reform them,他的主语是prisoners,语意变成了prisoners reform them. 应该改成 so as to be reformed
B选项advocate prisoners错误
D选项advocate for the means错误
E选项means for错误
太!有道理了!
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hard labor不是和prisoner并列的人,而是和solitary confinement并列的惩罚方式,即means。 可以说held in solitary confinement,而held in hard labor不合逻辑。
而且原句so as to reform的逻辑主语是prisoners,不合逻辑;真正主语应该为这些punishment
D:for the means不对,for表示原因。
思路和你一模一样
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-ing和从句的区别在于,从句通常表示动作已经完成,有结束的时间。但advocate这个明显是reformer的属性,没有具体结束的迹象,因此排除BD,
means:方法、手段、收入、财富
答案分成两拨,一波是用动名词做后置定语,一波用定语从句。
B 定语从句里头的时态错误
D advocated ... as the means of ,不是for the means of
A so as to reform them错误,从句里边的主语是prisoners,这样会使得reform them的动作执行者也变成了prisoners。
E 先不说语序,as the means for不对.
the means to do
the means of doing
ving不仅可以做状语,也可以做后置定语,不能生硬排除。
我的问题是:
能不能根据ving前有,区分做状语和后定?
理解语义
无逗号 v-ing 和 无逗号+从句 都修饰就近名词,因此advocating修饰reformers没问题
as the means of 固定搭配
Take away:英语语法规定,当谓语动词的意思是“建议、命令、要求”时,由于身后的从句中的谓语动词必须用原型(通常需要省略should)。
Split#1:选项B中 were doing 时态错误,去掉。选项D中,for不对,应该为as,去掉。
Split#2:选项A和E对比,E用了倒装,没必要,去掉选项E
Split#3:选项对比,一个reform prisoners一个reform them,指代不清,去掉选项A
E选项原来是因为和C比没必要而被排除,以为是因为那个for 。。。
主动好于被动
advocate:
拥护某件事或某人,不能拥护某人去做某事,advocate sth,advocate dosing sth,advocate that。如:The group does not advocate the use of violence.; Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour. ;advocate sth as the means to do sth,拥护/主张某物作为做某事的方法
不能advocate sb to do sth也不能advocate that sb do sth
A:我们知道,一句话中的核心词为这句话的谓语动词,那么此时改革者拥护的就是“be held”,即“被关”这个动作。但逻辑上他们拥护的应该是“solitary confinement 和 hard labor”这两个东西。
E:宾语后置没必要。
a选项错在被动语态和主系表不能并列我以为be done和be可以并列
Examples of reform in a Sentence
Verb (1)
The program is designed to reform prisoners.
They want to reform campaign spending.
The laws need to be reformed.
The program is designed to help former gang members who are trying to reform.
sc
又错了
ce前都对,重点在后半部分, as the means to do,主语比较选项
核心词问题:
A选项:advocating为reformers的后置定语,现在分词形式表主动。that引导了advocate的宾语从句,意为“改革家拥护一件事”,什么事呢,罪犯应该“be held in solitary confinement and (be held in) hard labor”。
我们知道,一句话中的核心词为这句话的谓语动词,那么此时改革者advocate的就是“be held”,即“被关”这个动作。但逻辑上他们advocate的应该是“solitary confinement 和 hard labor”这两个东西。
排除E的想法不对 将宾语放在宾补之后的倒装在GMAT中是常见的,一般是因为和宾补相比,宾语过长,为了避免认不出宾补,会将宾语置后。
means/ways:
可以一个东西是一个方法/方式,如:
Television is an effective means of communication. 电视是一种有效的通信手段。
也可以一件事情或一个动作是一个方法,如:
It's not the right way to hold a pair of scissors.
I hate the way she always criticizes me.
advocate:
拥护某件事或某人,不能拥护某人去做某事,advocate sth,advocate dosing sth,advocate that。如:The group does not advocate the use of violence.; Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour. ;advocate sth as the means to do sth,拥护/主张某物作为做某事的方法
不能advocate sb to do sth也不能advocate that sb do sth
Highly agree
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[语意]
如果单从语意来看,这道题可以通过判断核心词来排除[本句话中的核心词应该是solitary confinement and hard labor]
A选项:核心词是be held❌
B选项:核心词是prisoners❌
c选项:✅
D选项:for❌
E选项:无需倒装,同时缺少了to