The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
question the validity of an economic model
point out some inconsistencies within an economic model
outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it
describe an economic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use
explain why an economic model remains valid despite inconsistent research results
题目分析:
题目释义:
主旨题目
考点:
主旨(Main idea)
旨在考察我们对文章整体的把握程度,对文章的结构的分析能力和把控能力,以及对作者逻辑的判断。
选项分析:
A选项:对于一个经济模型的有效性提出质疑。文章的第二段确实对这个模型提出了质疑,但是这个质疑的目的是作者的让步,为的是提出可能的解释。
B选项:指出一些不符合这个经济模型的地方。文中第二段指出了有些研究指出实际情况和此模型不一致。但是还是A选型那句老话,作者不是要说这个不一致,而是要突出其实是一致的。
C选项:概括一个经济模型并给出一些修改建议。这个选项前半部分很对,但是作者并没有要修改这个model的意思。文中提到有问题的不是model本身,而是第二段开头提到的studies,切勿混为一谈。
D选项:描述一个经济模型并给出具体的例子来说明这个模型的用途。前半部分对,后半部分中,作者也确实提出了一个例子,不过这个例子不是为了说明用途的,而是为了说明为什么要在“international level” 上才能应用这个经济模型。
E选项:Correct。解释尽管有一些研究说明实际情况不符合经济模型,但它仍然是有效的。第二段就为了说明了这一点。第一段是为了让读者了解这个模型,第二段才是作者真正要表达的意思。
emmmm我觉得D好对啊。。第一段介绍模型,第二段举例有人做出来是inconsistent的,但其实是没太用对,应该要international啥啥的,不就是illustrate its use 讲这个模型应该怎么用吗??为什么use要翻译为用途而不是使用这个过程/行为呢
可以翻译为使用过程。
但是,第二段其实不算严格意义上的“使用这个模型”,因为第二段是首先发现了一些情况和这个模型不相符,然后给出解释,解释的要点在于,这个模型没问题,是那些研究的调查方式有问题。实际上,整个第二段也没有使用过这个模型,只是想对这个模型给出一些可能的问题,但最后被证明还是模型有效。重点在于证明模型有效,而不是描述模型的使用过程或者用途。
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最后一句Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model说明作者对模型的态度是肯定的。同时如果作者是否定这个model第一段也没必要解释那么多
Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model
D选项:描述一个经济模型并给出具体的例子来说明这个模型的用途。前半部分对,后半部分中,作者也确实提出了一个例子,不过这个例子不是为了说明用途的,而是为了说明为什么要在“international level” 上才能应用这个经济模型。
E选项:Correct。解释尽管有一些研究说明实际情况不符合经济模型,但它仍然是有效的。第二段就为了说明了这一点。第一段是为了让读者了解这个模型,第二段才是作者真正要表达的意思。
问purpose而不是问文章结构或者大意,因此不需要包含第一段的内容的概括。
“suggest revision to it” it 指代的是模型,但是模型本身是没有问题的,有问题的是several studies忽视了跨国因素使得model与实际情况不一致。
注意细节~!
第二句最后一句扭转了态度:Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis
模型是有效的,只是study局限在国家层面
C. revision:修改,并没有修改这个模型
作者对model本身没有反对,而是对studies的缺陷有描述,但是最后一句说Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis,也就是说studies的局限虽然造成inconsistencies(在national contexts),但是仍然是有效的
while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level.
关键第二段最后Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.。说明“尽管有一些研究说明实际情况不符合经济模型,但它仍然是有效的”,即选项E,错选C,作者并没有要修改这个model。
transcend超出(界限)
第一段是为了让读者了解这个模型,第二段才是作者真正要表达的意思。
文章的第二段确实对这个模型提出了质疑,但是这个质疑的目的是作者的让步,为的是提出可能的解释。
第二段 While……A possible explanation for this inconsistency …… Even 。。, studies have found more support for the density dependence model 一定要看文章最后一句
第二段对inconsistency的解决办法是提出 explanation, 而不是rebuttal; 2.结尾句,作者将inconsistency具化到national范围(even句),依然在支撑explanation, 而不是rebuttal。
b选项指出一些不符合这个经济模型的地方。文中第二段指出了有些研究指出实际情况和此模型不一致。但是还是A选型那句老话,作者不是要说这个不一致,而是要突出其实是一致的。
有问题的不是model, 是study
第二段第一句是一个等价结构,没有转折,没有让步,证明在承认从句①correspondence的同时,承认从句②not consistent。所以correspondence和inconsistency同等重要,都是主旨既model valid的同时也inconsistent。
model本身没问题,有问题的是several studies忽视了跨国因素使得model与实际情况不一致。作者没有质疑model,而是指出两种研究的不同结果,最终还是说如果能employ broader geographic units of analysis的话,studies have found more support for the density dependence model。
我去,这个Main idea不是明显应该分两层么?一个是介绍,一个是虽然不符合但是仍然有效,呜呜呜
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency。。。。。。。Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for:文中提到有问题的不是model本身,而是第二段开头提到的studies+文章的第二段确实对这个模型提出了质疑,但是这个质疑的目的是作者的让步,为的是提出可能的解释。