Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their blood pressure typically does not rise with age.
shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their
shown that in societies that have consumed little salt, their
shown that in societies where little salt is consumed,
they showed that in societies where little salt is consumed,
they showed that in societies where they consume little salt, their
in (d), "they" unambiguously refers to "many population studies", so it's fine (although it constitutes unnecessary repetition - this is already the subject of the sentence, so it needn't be repeated; see (c))
the principal problem with (d) is the lack of tense parallelism. since "have linked" is in the present perfect, the present perfect is also compulsory for the other verb (i.e., it should be "shown", not "showed").
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