In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.
most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circle
mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circling
"most of them at least as large as Jupiter" modifies "planets." Notice that the only verb in C is "have detected," so you don't have a run-on sentence.
A run-on sentence is one in which at least two independent clauses are joined without the appropriate punctuation. You can't have two independent clauses if you don't have two clauses, and you can't have two clauses if you don't have two verbs.
"Circling" is not a verb in C, but a modifier.
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