A和D的差异还是没太懂呢？A难道就算是就近修饰了？

这道题做错了两次，也看了一些解释，有一些自己的心得。总结给自己和有缘人看吧。

这道题最重要的考点是比较，其次还考了句子完整等零散的考点。
个人理解，比较结构永远比的是两个句子：A do B 比 C do B(D)。
例如，I eat more apples than you eat apples (bananas). I am taller than my brother is.
然后，英文为了保持自己concise的风格，会省略C do B（D）这个结构中的某些重复的成分。
例如，I eat more apples than (do) you. I am taller than my brother.

本题的难点就在于：了解每个选项的比较对象，并判断这种比较，是否符合逻辑和作者想要表达的意思。

A选项：
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
比较结构是which(Siberia's Lake Baikal) holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water和all the North American Great Lakes combined hold the water
核心比较结构是: lake A holds water more than lakes B hold water.
符合作者想要表达的意思。

B选项：
With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.
首先不说这种“, that”的用法本身便是错的，应该用“, which”。
本选项的比较结构是20 percent of the world's fresh water is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined are.
核心比较结构是 20 percent of water is more than lakes are. 而water is 和 lakes are本身就是风马牛不相及的东西，比不了。
所以B不对。

C选项：
Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.
首先句子不完整，没什么可说的，最严格意义上的语法错误。

本选项比较结构是Siberia's Lake Baikal holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined
这个that应该是指前面出现的 fresh water
可以有两种理解：
第一，核心比较结构变成Lake A holds more water than A holds water of Lake B. 虽然看上去还可以比较，但 A holds water of lake B与作者想表达的意思已经相差甚远，也根本不符合逻辑——A怎么会有lake B的水呢？
第二，核心比较结构变成Lake A holds more water than water of Lake B holds water.显然也不符合逻辑。

D选项：
While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's Lake Baikal holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
首先，while表同时或表转折，无论哪种逻辑关系，都和作者想在本句表达的题意相差甚远。
比较结构：20 percent of the world's fresh water（which） is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined are.
核心比较结构：20 percent of water is more than Lakes are.
同选项B一样，water is 和 Lakes are无法比较。

E选项：
More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.
本人两次都错选了E。

这里引Ron的原话：
when you have an INITIAL MODIFIER THAT'S NOT A CLAUSE (i.e., it doesn't have its own subject and verb), then it must modify the immediately following noun.
example:
coming home from school, the wind blew me off my bike. --> INCORRECT, because the implication is that the wind itself was "coming home from school".
coming home from school, i was blown off my bike by the wind. --> correct (even though the passive voice is used).
same problem in choice (e), which implies that lake baikal itself is somehow "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined".
that doesn't make sense.
the above rule is completely rigid, too; it doesn't allow for the modifier to be used in any other way.

如果句子开头就是modifier，则该modifier首先应当修饰紧接其的noun。于是本句中More than all the North American Great Lakes combined直接变成修饰Baikal的成分。
比较结构是:Siberia's Lake Baikal is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined are.
核心比较结构是：Lake A is more than Lakes B are.
个人看法，仅从核心比较结构的角度考虑，本选项可以改写成：
Siberia's Lake Baikal，which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water. （两者实质上在核心比较结构上等价）

又虽然Lake A is和 Lakes B are这两件事情可以比较，比如lake A is bigger than lakes B are. 但两者似乎不能用more作为比较的方面，且也不能传达作者本来想传达的意思。

以上是个人的分析，望有缘人指点一二。

根据句子结构和语义排除BCD。错选E：more than should modifier "fresh water",该句中紧跟修饰Siberia's Lake Baikal，排除。
【RON】when you have an INITIAL MODIFIER THAT'S NOT A CLAUSE (i.e., it doesn't have its own subject and verb), then it must modify the immediately following noun.
same problem in choice (e), which implies that lake baikal itself is somehow "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined".
that doesn't make sense.
关于A的两个modfiers："more than all the North American Great Lakes combined" is actually a MODIFIER of "20% of the world's fresh water", which is WITHIN the first MODIFIER. therefore, it's a SUB-modifier, so to speak.
let me try to illustrate it graphically:

More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal(, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water(, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined)).

the blue modifier modifies stuff that's inside the orange modifier, so it falls within the orbit of the orange modifier; it MUST be removed if the orange modifier is removed (because it has nothing left to modify).

mark
AE之间的区别1.with引导的独立主格到底要不要修饰holds ；2.句中的比较关系是啥：More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than （DO）all the North American Great Lakes combined.

B，定从修饰有误
C，双主语
D、定从修饰有误
E、with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构，其是holds句的状语。在逻辑上，三百条河流入Baikal应是在描述Siberia's Lake Baikal的性质的，而描述名词的均应该是定语，不能使用状语。

In context, "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined" is describing the preceding action/clause: "...LB holds more than %20 of the xxxx".
It can't just describe "%20 of the world's fresh water", because we can't write that "X amount of water is more than these lakes". That's nonsense.
We can, on the other hand, write "LB holds more than these lakes (do)". So that's what the modifier represents.
The use of these modifiers to represent entire clauses is common. See #86 in OG 13th (#83 in OG 12th).

choice (b) starts out with “With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than ...”
this could potentially be read in two ways, both of which are incorrect:

(INCORRECT READING 1)
"that" is a pronoun (in the same way you'd point at a menu and say "i want that")
to use that in this way - by itself as a pronoun, as a "pointing word" - is always incorrect in formal written english.
"that" CAN be used as a pronoun, but only if it's in a parallel construction (such as the capacity of tank A vs. that of tank B).

(INCORRECT READING 2)
it's a relative pronoun (in the same way you'd write "here's the book that i read").
two things wrong here.
one, you don't put a comma before this kind of "that".
two, even if this were written correctly (i.e., without the comma), which it isn't, you'd still be saying 20% of the water that is more than the great lakes. i.e., there is SOME SPECIFIC water that is "more than the great lakes", and we're talking about 20% of that water. that doesn't make sense.
so, wrong either way.

choice (d) neither "lake" nor "water" would be a legitimate referent for this modifier -- you couldn't say "the lake is more than...", but neither could you say "the water is more than..."
this sentence will only make sense if the modifier is allowed to modify the preceding clause, which talks about holding water (because "holding more" actually makes sense).
if you are talking about choice (d) or choice (e), note that the modifiers in those choices are modifiers that modify nouns, not clauses. that's a problem in this case.
we can also knock out choice (d) because of wrong usage of "while"，It should be used in one of two circumstances:
(1) if the first act takes place during the second act, or (2) if there is some sort of contrast between the two acts - most of the time used as this way when used at the beginning
Both these situation doesn't apply to this answer right!

choice (e)： when you have an INITIAL MODIFIER THAT'S NOT A CLAUSE (i.e., it doesn't have its own subject and verb), then it must modify the immediately following noun.
example:
coming home from school, the wind blew me off my bike. --> INCORRECT, because the implication is that the wind itself was "coming home from school".
coming home from school, i was blown off my bike by the wind. --> correct (even though the passive voice is used).
--
same problem in choice (e), which implies that lake baikal itself is somehow "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined".
that doesn't make sense. The lake might hold an amount of water that is more than another amount of water, but the lake itself is not "more than" something.
the above rule is completely rigid, too; it doesn't allow for the modifier to be used in any other way.

做题的时候猜测。。考点应该是定语从句的指代问题和同位语。

A.暂时没看出什么问题，先放过；
B.that 就近指代 the world's fresh water，不对，排除B；
C.Siberia's Lake Baikal 和 it 两个主语，显然不对，排除C；
D. which 指代错误同A；
E.More than all the North American Great Lakes combined 是 Siberia's Lake Baikal 的同位语，水量和湖无法比较，不对，排除E；
about E摘自RON same problem in choice (e), which implies that lake baikal itself is somehow "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined".

B lake has rivers, 语义错误
C it错误
D while错误，while要么表示时间，要么表示转折，题目里头没有这个关系
E lake, more than all the lakes combined, 从其他选项可以看出，是湖水和all the lakes combined做比较，不能是lake本身去跟all the lakes combined 做比较。

E same problem in choice (e), which implies that lake baikal itself is somehow "more than all the North American Great Lakes combined"
A i would certainly like the sentence better if it were written as "... more than DO all the great lakes combined", but, hey, nobody's perfect. there are definitely correct answers that are worse than this one.

一道一道题的评论看下来，发现有些评论的解释真是胡说八道，大家看的时候还是以毕出老师或者ron的解释为准，有时候不一定大家都这么说就是对的，也有可能是复制同一个人错误的解释。

with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构，其是holds句的状语。在逻辑上，三百条河流入Baikal应是在描述Siberia's Lake Baikal的性质的，而描述名词的均应该是定语，不能使用状语。

头大，第二次还是错，对A最大的疑问是more than all the North American Great Lakes combined到底是什么成分；
Ron说“more than all the North American Great Lakes combined”作定语修饰“20 percent of the world's fresh water”，整个应该放到which的定语从句里面作为次级修饰语，和“holds … water“一起修饰贝尔加湖；看着还行，因为如果省略了中间的“which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water”， “more than 五大湖”直接接到“贝尔加湖”后面就毫无意义了。
后面省略了动词do, 如果是👇这样应该就清楚了很多：
Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water more than （DO） all the North American Great Lakes combined=>贝加尔湖，它拥有世界上20%的淡水，比北美五大湖（拥有）的总和还要多

我觉得DE的问题在，都强调300条河注入的【同时】，湖水占了全球淡水的20%。这实在太奇怪了

错选E。多个modifier之间一定要看清层次结构顺序。

头大，第二次还是错，对A最大的疑问是more than all the North American Great Lakes combined到底是什么成分；
Ron说“more than all the North American Great Lakes combined”作定语修饰“20 percent of the world's fresh water”，整个应该放到which的定语从句里面作为次级修饰语，和“holds … water“一起修饰贝尔加湖；看着还行，因为如果省略了中间的“which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water”， “more than 五大湖”直接接到“贝尔加湖”后面就毫无意义了。
后面省略了动词do, 如果是👇这样应该就清楚了很多：
Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water more than （DO） all the North American Great Lakes combined=>贝加尔湖，它拥有世界上20%的淡水，比北美五大湖（拥有）的总和还要多

错选E with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构，其是holds句的状语。在逻辑上，三百条河流入Baikal应是在描述Siberia's Lake Baikal的性质的，而描述名词的均应该是定语，不能使用状语。

错选E with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构，其是holds句的状语。在逻辑上，三百条河流入Baikal应是在描述Siberia's Lake Baikal的性质的，而描述名词的均应该是定语，不能使用状语。

D选项：定语从句which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined应就近修饰，这里只能修饰20 percent of the world's fresh water，这是不正确的。该定语从句描述的在逻辑上应是Siberia's Lake Baikal的特点。

E选项：with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构错误同选项(C)。

B:that引导限定性定语从句，前面不加逗号；不能说SLB有300条河，只能说300条河流入SLB
C:SLB和it双主语，错误；独立主格错
D:which就近修饰water，逻辑错
E:错选E，with more than 300 rivers draining into it是独立主格结构，是holds句的状语，但是本题超过300条河流流入应该属于SLB的性质，不能用状语，要用定语