Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
题目分析:
本题较易错选(C)。本题的意思是:
很多生物的优势不是自然选择的产物,这些产物是为了增强繁殖和存活而产生的,而仅仅是其它进化的随机副产物。
选项分析:
A选项:平行触发语not...but...连接两者不平行,not身后没有从句,而but身后则是一个从句。另外,名词短语their enhancement of reproduction or survival需改为从句they enhance reproduction or survival,这点考查了名词和从句的区别。用之于本题,显然地,此处讲的“这些产物是为了增强繁殖和存活而产生的”并非陈述某个特定事件,而在陈述一个自然选择产物在来源方面的属性,因此肯定没有时间终止点,必须用从句的形式。
B选项:介词due to身后的名词短语的核心词为the reproduction or survival,但显然地,在逻辑上,产生产物的原因只能是“增强繁殖和存活”这件事,不能是“产物”本身。
C选项:本选项的迷惑度最高。一般来说,平行触发语not...but...连接的两者需要在逻辑上保证平行,本选项严格满足这个要求。但是,如果保证严格的平行,则but身后的副词simply只能修饰形容词random(在but身后根本看不到动词,自然只能认为是修饰形容词的了)。但这在逻辑上是不正确的。本题的意思是,优点不是为了生存的自然选择的产物,而“仅仅”是副产物。因此,simply必须修饰系动词are,不能修饰random(那样,意思就变成了“简单地随机”了)。
D选项:Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。由于but身后补出了动词are,所以此时simply可以看作是修饰动词are的了,这在逻辑上是正确的。
E选项:介词because of身后的enhancing reproduction or survival是动名词短语,而动名词是没有“逻辑主语”的。但在本题中,被favor的必须是the products of natural selection,即,are favored在本题中必须有逻辑主语,否则无法满足语境中给出的逻辑关系。
Due to是形容詞,根據正統的英語文法規則,它只能修飾名詞或代名詞。EX: [The delay ] was due to a late delivery of doughnuts.
Because of 是副詞,只能修飾動詞、形容詞和子句,但不能修飾名詞或代名詞。EX:I [missed] the movie because of the rain.
翻譯:古生物學家 S.J.G. 認為許多生物特性 並不是天擇的產物, 這些產物之所以出現是因為他們能增加繁殖或生存機會, 而只是其他演化發展中的隨機副產品而已。
如果不把but 後面沒有把are補出來,會產生歧義:變成:favored because.... but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. 不符合邏輯.
正確應該是:
many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, [ favored ...] , but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments
• "not X but Y":
this construction implies that X is what's "normal" or "expected", and that Y is what's actually true.
e.g., I was surprised to learn that Ella was not Clint's biological daughter but in fact his adopted daughter, since her facial features so closely resemble his.
(here, since the girl looks so much like her dad, we EXPECT to find out that she's his biological daughter.)
When I read this sentence, I am a little confused whether the red part is an extension of "reproduction or survival" or the contrast for "products of natural selection". Yes logically I know it should be the latter but the way this choice is written as I go with the flow of the sentence, I may consider this part to be the extension of "reproduction or survival".
because of 没有逻辑主语了
就算用because of ,也应该是enhancement。动名词错误。语义也错误
C 本题的意思是,优点不是为了生存的自然选择的产物,而“仅仅”是副产物。因此,simply必须修饰系动词are,不能修饰random(那样,意思就变成了“简单地随机”了)。
simply的修饰问题,需要but后补充系动词,否则simply修饰无意义
一定要结合着语义!!!去看题!!!
注意!!!这个题完全提醒了not...but...并不一定就是平行!!!注意not(only)...but(also)...的含义是不仅...而且...相当于是一种并列式的递进关系
但是有的时候出现not...就是表示否定,but....就是转折!!!这两个词中间也不存在什么平行
标记。。simply修饰问题
favor理解为选择的意思。 simply修饰are,翻译为仅仅。如果没有are,not ..but 就不平行。
simply修饰are
simply修饰are
C&D简直就是一个大坑,按照语法严格并列的C反而错了。考试遇到这题,时间那么紧迫的情况下能慢条斯理地想那么深入吗?错了我也认了
C还错在而且会产生修饰哪个的歧义
根据BUT的平行要求,直接排除A,B,C
知识点:介词短语后面只跟简单的名词短语,动名词、sb's doing,名词短语+现在分词modifier等形式应用连词:because、although等来引导从句进行表达→排除because of enhancing
favored在句子里是什么成分?是做many traits are not这个动作的伴随状语吗?
Mark
太tricky了,竟然严格平行的选项反而不正确,还要看副词修饰问题。可是这个动词补出来不会产生不平行吗?