According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.
The passage suggests which of the following about the relationship between TQM and the rationalist and human relations schools of management?
TQM and the rationalist and human relations schools all share a number of fundamental strategies
TQM does not share the fundamental objective of the rationalist and human relations schools.
The TQM view of employee interests is consistent with the view of employee interests held by the rationalist and human relations schools.
Although TQM is compatible with the rationalist and human relations schools, it differs from both in terms of its strategies for achieving its objectives.
Although TQM is a newer management system than the rationalist and human relations systems, all three are derived from the same long-held principles of management.
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正确答案是 D。TQM 与理性主义和人际关系学派的管理都具有一些同样的目标,但它们使用不同的策略来实现这些目标。文章中提到,理性主义学派使用上层管理决策和员工专业化来最大限度地实现股东利润;而 TQM 所采用的技术则强调共享利益,例如降低价格不仅有利于消费者,还会促进组织的竞争优势,从而使员工和所有者受益。因此,D 选项是正确的选择,表明 TQM 与理性主义和人际关系学派的管理是兼容的,但它们在实现其目标方面有所不同。
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto THESE SYSTEMS or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.
THESE SYSTEMS = rationalist + human relations, which are mentioned in the first paragraph.
TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.
TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.
TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.