主旨题的替换考法

They depended heavily on the national governments of their home countries and thus characteristically acted abroad to promote national interests.

choice b, Increases in the volume of transactions in such firms are commonly believed to have necessitated this structural change.

全文为了反驳旧观点Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chartered trading companies, despite the international scope of their activities, are usually considered irrelevant to this discussion

边长扩大三倍；面积扩大9倍

make的用法：
“make+名词 / 代词+形容词或形容词短语”意为“使某人 / 某事呈现出什么状态”，We must make the rivers clean. clean做宾补
“make+名词 / 代词+省略to的动词不定式”意为“让某人做某事”。My parents often make me do some housework. to do做宾补（省略了to）
“make+名词 / 代词+介词短语或名词短语”意为“使某人 / 某物(成为)……”。We made him monitor. monitor做him的宾补
“make+名词 / 代词+过去分词短语”表示“使某人 / 某物被……”Can this word make yourself understood in English? 过去分词作宾补，不是状语，因为understood的主语是主句宾语，不是主句主语

rhythm and blues节奏布鲁斯，是一个东西
and 连接三者以上是，A and and 或 A, B and C,最后一个and不能省略，否则错

Americans of Middle Eastern descent to be self-employed were twice as likely as the average American to be self-employed.
to be self-employed做定语修饰Americans，创业的中东裔美国人是普通美国人的两倍.Americans对比American

ensure确保，ensure that sb do sth，ensure已经表示命令语气了，后面不再跟情态动词表命令语气。
ensure sth，The book ensured his success.；ensure (that)+宾语从句，Ensure the guard is in place.

……is a clear warning that predators ignore at their peril.警告那些捕食者，你们忽视了（靠近我的）危险性
is a clear warning for predators, so they ignore it at their peril，是一个给捕食者的警告，（那些捕食者看到这个警告后）就会忽视他们所处的危险境地
这里是加州newt发出这个警告，警告的目的是吓走捕食者，至于捕食者是不是真的被吓走了，我们并不知道，所以不能用so，用同位语解释说明警告的内容。

despite，介词+名词，不能接句子
with+名词+分词构成独立主格，独立主格表示伴随主句发生的条件、原因、伴随的情况、补充说明主句等，不表示转折和对比
B, differences between the shipbuilding traditions AND those in other parts, differences between A and B;differences in sth
E, Although g traditions were not different from those in other parts, 句子结构正确

E错误，stating宾语从句应该有that

Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
=the rate at which trees grow is believed among the surest indications of sunspot cycles on Earth
树木生长的速度被认为是地球上太阳黑子周期最可靠的迹象之一
the rate is believed among ……，among介宾作状语，修饰believed，
E状语在句首，谓语动词全部置于主语之前，构成全部倒装；也有谓语动词的部分或助动词置于主语之前，构成部分倒装的用法，如：Never have I seen such a performance.

成分的目的找主句 句子的目的才找这一部分的主旨 主旨为整个文章服务

C/D/E，phenomenas are because of the interaction，because of介宾短语，介词是有自己的意思的，比如Shanghai is in China,上海是在中国里面。
不是某物是因为……，是某物发生什么情况是因为……，如：He do it because of money. 为钱而做事，

当发现是解释描述性的语句时就应该考虑是同位语如 jonh，a student, is ........

在逻辑上，“担心”的内容应该是“其它国家会做同样的事情”
reserves, raising fears that other countries
理解成了在其他国家造成恐慌。。

b的话reserves, which, as a result, raised fears of other countries that
去掉as a result， which修饰最近的词，也句意不对

be invested in。。和by没有什么关系，怎么选了by。。

while in Japan and India the decline of British business was primarily a function of the rise of strong indigenous business groups,
in Iran, by contrast, the government played a large role in both challenging British commercial interests and stimulating locally owned enterprise. 仔细读句意，challenging 关键词

facilitate 促进帮助