A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable
"so... as to be..." is a correct idiom.
B) so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable
"so... so that..." is not a correct idiom
C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
This one is tough, because it's not grammatically or idiomatically incorrect. "So... that" is a correct idiom. It's certainly wordier than A, and there also seems to be a disconnect in meaning. If something is "indistinguishable," then people are not able to distinguish it. Here, saying that the "shifts... are unable to be distinguished," then the lack of ability is on the part of the shifts, and not on the people distinguishing. This is a case in which passive voice alters the meaning slightly, and therefore makes less sense.
D) gradual enough not to be indistinguishable
"gradual enough" means something different from "so gradual." "Enough" implies a sufficient quantity, above a certain threshold - "I have enough money to by the new laptop." "So" is a qualifier meaning "to such a degree that." For example, "I have so much money that I could buy all of the laptops in the world." It doesn't imply any threshold.
E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them
Same issue as in D.
The use of "by far" is generally restricted to superlative forms.... You are by far the smartest around here..... correct
But with comparatives "by far" is awkward - You are far smarter than the others around here. .. correct
1. there's nothing wrong with the parallelism in the front of A or C either (Ron)
2. "raising" is ongoing while "raised" done. The former makes more sense.
here, that action is '...ricochet around [the earth's] interior.'
the subject of THAT action is 'seismic waves', and so 'comma + _ing' works perfectly in the usual way.
e.g., both of these sentences work in the same way:
A drunk driver drove his car into a storefront, causing several hundred thousand dollars' worth of damages.
A verdict is due today in the trial of a drunk driver who drove his car into a storefront, causing several hundred thousand dollars' worth of damages.
in general, when modifiers modify actions, they just modify the closest action -- regardless of whether that action is actually a verb.
e.g.,
I made weird expressions with my mouth and fingers, scaring the babies.
My sister saw me making weird expressions with my mouth and fingers, scaring the babies.
both of these sentences are ok, and both of them work in exactly the same way. the fact that "making" isn't grammatically a verb doesn't make any difference -- and it would be silly to make rules based on that distinction.
rather than作为特殊的介词词组，做连词用法，承担平行功能，所以B错误，不平行。instead of是一个普通介词词组，of后边的第一个词是中心意思，instead of company后边的部分都是定语修饰company，因此，意思不完整。A表达的是动作，C表达的是一个词company，D语法错误，of后边要接名词或动名词。E。in place of的意思是代替，逻辑意思不如A好，而且imminent和about to都有即将要做。。。的意思，语义重复。所以最后选A
A happened, V-ing B,伴随状语的这个结构表示因果关系时，前因后果，即A导致了B，A是B的原因。 而在A happened, resulting from B这个格式里，B是A的原因，与伴随状语本身表示的因果逻辑是矛盾的，所以resulting from永远不能做伴随状语，只能做定语修饰名词，如： the pollution resulting from the chemical spill forced all the local residents to evacuate.
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书中附表没死 实际死了 结论：书写于死前
假设：当时作者用的附表是真实的