She was less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany.
黑体是前半句的状语, than 后面省略了successful, 但没省谓语 had been, 因与前半句谓语不同，不省是为了表明状态的先后
实际应是：
she was less successful (after she emigrated to New York) than she had been (successful) (in her native Germany).
由此更可以看出比较的不是状语，而是成功的程度，也就是全句，全句所要表达的意思。
A more reasonable position is that Melville is a different kind of writer, who held, and should be judged by, presuppositions about fiction that are quite different from James’s. ---should be judged by presuppositions about fiction.
B选项：首先，with planets orbiting them是一个独立主格结构，其应改为修饰stars的定语从句。这是因为，独立主格是状语，修饰的是discover这个句子。在逻辑上，不能说“伴随着星星被环绕，科学家们发现了17颗星星”，而应该是“科学家发现了17颗被环绕的星星”。其次，最后的that were about the size of Jupiter是定语从句，最近的名词为them，但在逻辑上，这个定语从句应该修饰的名词是planets。
再次，that were这里是过去时，容易被认为是这些行星“过去”和木星一样大，但现在可能不一样了，这是不合逻辑的。应该用一般现在时表示一个客观事实。
不要被第一句turning point迷惑了，本文的总体基调还是emphasizing that those areas of biology most in the public eye had depended on historical explanation，然后第二段讲科学家为什么认为historical explanation合理，第三段讲如何document historical explanation convincingly。
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cite a specific case理解成了具体的企业案例，所以没选。其实指的是“实际情况”
具体案例也可以啊，主要belief喝convince是意义上的同意替换的感觉