The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?


Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.

No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatonic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.

The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.

Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.

The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.

考题讲解

情景:Neanderthal所发现的骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的,全音阶是文艺复兴后常用于西方音乐的7声音阶。因此专家推测,在西方音乐家使用全音阶数千年之前,全音阶就已经发展和使用了。

推理:由于前提结论讨论的是两件事,并且结论为因,因此本题为果因推理
顺序的因果逻辑为:因为在西方音乐家使用全音阶数千年之前,全音阶就已经发展和使用了, 所以Neanderthal所发现的骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的。
(果)前提:Neanderthal所发现的骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的。
(因)结论:在西方音乐家使用全音阶数千年之前,全音阶就已经发展和使用了。

选题方式:果因推理有两个评估方向,简而言之,即(由于本题问的是加强,所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足),答案选项中要么给出产生“Neanderthal所发现的骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的”的另外一个原因,要么讨论“在西方音乐家使用全音阶数千年之前,全音阶就已经发展和使用了”与“Neanderthal所发现的骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的”之间的关系。

选项分析:

A选项: 骨笛是Neanderthal居民的唯一乐器。本选项和推理文段的因果无关。

B选项: 在Neanderthal没有比骨笛更早的乐器使用全音阶。本选项和推理文段的因果无关。

C选项:这个骨笛是由发现于洞穴的洞熊骨头制成的,洞穴里还有洞熊的骨骼。本选项讨论的是骨骼发现的地点,和推理文段的因果没有关系。

D选项:
笛子是最简单的可吹出全音阶管乐器。本选项和推理文段的因果无关。

E选项:
Correct. 要想有完整的全音阶,用来制造笛子的洞熊腿骨长度已足够。本选项同时提及了因果,如果洞熊腿骨长度不够,则就算骨笛上的4个洞是演奏全音阶的第3到第6个音符所需要的,其也不可能是全音阶的器具,我们也自然不能推断出全音阶在数千年之前就被使用了。属于CQ2:因果联系问题

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