In an experiment, each volunteer was allowed to choose between an easy task and a hard task and was told that another volunteer would do the other task. Each volunteer could also choose to have a computer assign the two tasks randomly. Most volunteers chose the easy task for themselves and under questioning later said they had acted fairly. But when the scenario was described to another group of volunteers, almost all said choosing the easy task would be unfair. This shows that most people apply weaker moral standards to themselves than to others.

Which of the following is an assumption required by this argument?


At least some volunteers who said they had acted fairly in choosing the easy task would have said that it was unfair for someone else to do so.

The most moral choice for the volunteers would have been to have the computer assign the two tasks randomly.

There were at least some volunteers who were assigned to do the hard task and felt that the assignment was unfair.

On average, the volunteers to whom the scenario was described were more accurate in their moral judgments than the other volunteers were.

At least some volunteers given the choice between assigning the tasks themselves and having the computer assign them felt that they had made the only fair choice available to them.

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考题讲解

情景：在一个实验里，每一个志愿者都被允许选择一个简单工作和一个复杂工作，当然，他们也可以选择让电脑随机给他们分配一个工作。大部分的志愿者都会选择简单的工作，并且在最后问的时候都认为这是公平的。但是当问另外那组被迫选择的志愿者时，几乎所有人都认为这是不公平的。这表明，大部分人对自己的道德标准是比较低的。

推理：因为前提和结论讨论的是两件事，并且结论是因，所以是果因推理。
顺序的因果逻辑：因为大部分人对自己的道德标准是比较低的，所以大部分的志愿者都会选择简单的工作，并且在最后问的时候都认为这是公平的。但是当问另外那组被迫选择的志愿者时，几乎所有人都认为这是不公平的
（果）前提：大部分的志愿者都会选择简单的工作，并且在最后问的时候都认为这是公平的。但是当问另外那组被迫选择的志愿者时，几乎所有人都认为这是不公平的
（因）结论：大部分人对自己的道德标准是比较低的

选题方式：

选项分析：果因推理有两个评估方向，简而言之，即（由于本题问的是加强，所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足），要么给“大部分的志愿者都会选择简单的工作，并且在最后问的时候都认为这是公平的。但是当问另外那组被迫选择的志愿者时，几乎所有人都认为这是不公平的”另一个原因，要么给出因果联系问题。

A选项：至少有些选择简单工作并说自己公平的志愿者，会在别人也如此做的时候说这是不公平的。如果没有任何一个志愿者认为这对其他人不公平，那么这就证明推理文段中的因果是没有关系，即，志愿者们说公平并不是因为对自己的道德标准低，他们是真不认为不公平。属于CQ2：因果联系问题。

B选项：对于志愿者最有道德的选择就是让电脑随机的分配工作。本选项讨论的是最有道德的分配方案，和推理文段的因果无关。

C选项：至少有一些被分配的困难工作并且认为这是不公平的人。本选项和推理文段的因果无关。

D选项：平均来讲，那些被选中的志愿者比其他的志愿者在他们的道德判断上更加精确。本选项和推理文段的因果无关。

E选项：至少某些被要求选择简单工作或让电脑随机安排的志愿者感觉他们做了唯一一个公平的选择。无论这些志愿者是否认为自己的选择公平，他们都可以认为对方不公平或公平，所以本选项和推理文段的因果是没有关系的。

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