Physician: The hormone melatonin has shown promise as a medication for sleep disorders when taken in synthesized form. Because the long-term side effects of synthetic melatonin are unknown, however, I cannot recommend its use at this time. Patient: Your position is inconsistent with your usual practice. You prescribe many medications that you know have serious side effects, so concern about side effects cannot be the real reason you will not prescribe melatonin.

The patient's argument is flawed because it fails to consider that


the side effects of synthetic melatonin might be different from those of naturally produced melatonin

it is possible that the physician does not believe that melatonin has been conclusively shown to be effective

sleep disorders, if left untreated, might lead to serious medical complications

the side effects of a medication can take some time to manifest themselves

known risks can be weighed against known benefits, but unknown risks cannot

考题讲解

情景:医生说:合成褪黑激素能治睡眠失调。因为合成褪黑激素的长期副作用未知,所以不建议用此药。病人说:你说的和做的不一致。你开了很多明知有副作用的药,所以副作用并不是你拒绝使用褪黑激素的真正原因。本题问的是病人有什么逻辑错误。

推理:病人做出了一种类比,即,别的药物和褪黑激素的类比。因此,本题为类比推理
本题的推理结构为:
前提:别的药物有副作用但是可以使用
结论:褪黑素有有副作用但是也应该可以使用

选题方式:类比推理一共具有两个评估方向,要么提到“别的药物”或“褪黑激素”,要么给出与这两个案例相平行等价的案例C。

选项分析:

A选项:合成褪黑激素和天然褪黑激素的副作用不同。本选项给出了是两种褪黑激素的区别,不是推理文段中的类比对象。


B选项: 医生有可能不相信褪黑激素的功效。本选项没有指出两个案例不同,也没有给出反案例。

C选项:如果不医治,睡眠失调会导致严重并发症。本选项没有指出两个案例不同,也没有给出反案例。

D选项:
一段时间后药物的副作用自己就会表现出来。本选项讨论的是副作用的特点,和类比对象无关。

E选项:
Correct. 已知风险可通过已知好处来权衡,未知的却不行。本选项给出了两种药物的区别,即,“别的药物”是已知的,“褪黑激素”却是未知的。

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