Although there is no record of poet Edmund Spenser's parentage, we do know that as a youth Spenser attended the Merchant Tailors' School in London for a period between 1560 and 1570. Records from this time indicate that the Merchant Tailors' Guild then had only three members named Spenser: Robert Spenser, listed as a gentleman; Nicholas Spenser, elected the Guild's Warden in 1568; and John Spenser, listed as a "journeyman cloth-maker." Of these, the last was likely the least affluent of the three—and most likely Edmund's father, since school accounting records list Edmund as a scholar who attended the school at a reduced fee.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
Anybody in sixteenth century London who made clothing professionally would have had to be a member of the Merchant Tailors' Guild.
The fact that Edmund Spenser attended the Merchant Tailors' School did not necessarily mean that he planned to become a tailor.
No member of the Guild could become Guild warden in sixteenth century London unless he was a gentleman.
Most of those whose fathers were members of the Merchant Tailors' Guild were students at the Merchant Tailors' School.
The Merchant Tailors' School did not reduce its fees for the children of the more affluent Guild members.
情景:诗人Edmund Spenser的家庭背景我们不得而知。我们知道的信息是,Spenser年轻的时候在Merchant Tailors’ School读书。这个学校的记录显示,Merchant Tailors’ Guild一共只有三位成员姓Spenser。我们认为,最穷的那个应该是Edmund Spenser的爸爸,因为Edmund Spenser是一个奖学金获得者。
推理:推理文段看起来很长,其实只有最后的部分是有用的。由于前提和结论讲的是两件事,并且结论是因,因此推理文段为果因推理。
顺序的因果逻辑:因为Edmund Spenser的爸爸比较穷,所以Edmund Spenser是一个奖学金获得者(必须靠奖学金才能上的起学)
(果)前提:Edmund Spenser是一个奖学金获得者(必须靠奖学金才能上的起学)
(因)结论:Edmund Spenser的爸爸比较穷
选题方式:果因推理有两个评估方向,简而言之,即(由于本题问的是加强,所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足),要么给“Edmund Spenser是一个奖学金获得者(必须靠奖学金才能上的起学)”另一个原因,要么给出因果联系问题。
选项分析:
A选项:任何一个在十六世纪职业做服装的人都应该是Merchant Tailors’ Guild的成员。本选项没有提及推理文段中的因果。
B选项:Edmund Spenser参加了Merchant Tailors’ School并没有一定意味着他打算成为一个裁缝。本选项描述的是Edmund Spenser的目的,和他的经济情况无关。
C选项: 除非他是绅士,否则没有一个协会的成员可以变成镇长。本选项和推理文段中的因果无关。
D选项:大部分那些父亲是Merchant Tailors’ Guild的成员的人是Merchant Tailors’ School的学员。本选项和推理文段的因果没有必然联系,即,穷富和是否是Merchant Tailors’ School的学员无关
E选项:Correct. Merchant Tailors’ School没有对富裕家庭的孩子减少学费。显然地,本选项建立了推理文段中的因和果的联系,即,如果富裕的家庭也可以减免学费,那么奖学金就和穷没关系了。属于CQ2:因果联系问题。
个人认为本题的推理模式比较难分辨(“E获得奖学金”逻辑上是“E的爸爸穷“的结果,但题目中用since引出“E获得奖学金”,大家容易误判成原因),理清逻辑链直接做就好了。E的爸爸是三者中最穷的(结论),因为E获得了奖学金(前提)=> 正确答案肯定了前提的可信度:学校不会给富人发奖学金,即,得到奖学金的必是穷人。
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