When there is less rainfall than normal, the water level of Australian rivers falls and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae whose habitat is river water grow best in slow-moving water, the amount of algae per unit of water generally increases when there has been little rain. By contrast, however, following a period of extreme drought, algae levels are low even in very slow-moving river water.

Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the contrast described above?


During periods of extreme drought, the populations of some of the species that feed on algae tend to fall.

The more slowly water moves, the more conducive its temperature is to the growth of algae.

When algae populations reach very high levels, conditions within the river can become toxic for some of the other species that normally live there.

Australian rivers dry up completely for short intervals in periods of extreme drought.

Except during periods of extreme drought, algae levels tend to be higher in rivers in which the flow has been controlled by damming than in rivers that flow freely.

考题讲解

情景:雨水减少时,河的水位下降,流得更慢。因为河藻在缓慢流动的水中长得最好,所以当雨水少时河藻长得好。然而,在极度干旱过后,即使在水流很慢的地方,河藻也很少。

推理:本题是一个“现象解释型考题”。按照正常逻辑来说,即,结论为“极度干旱的情况下,水流缓慢,河藻很多”。推理文段的前提和结论讨论的事情完全相同,所以是类比推理。推理结构为:
前提:一般情况下,水流缓慢,河藻很多。
结论:极度干旱的情况下,水流缓慢,河藻很多。

选题方式:类比推理一共具有两个评估方向,简而言之,即,要么提到“一般情况”或“极度干旱的情况”,要么给出与这两个案例相平行等价的案例C。

选项分析:

A选项:极度干旱时,以河藻为食的动物数量减少。本选项指出了极度干旱和正常情况的一个不同,但是这个不同可能反而会导致河藻更多。

B选项:水流的越慢,水里的温度越适合河藻生长。本选项解释了为什么河藻会在流速缓慢的水中长的最好,但是没有指出类比对象的不同点。

C选项:河藻数量太多时,河水中会产生毒素,对其它物种有害。本选项讨论的是河藻多而带来的后果,没有提及案例。

D选项:
Correct. 极度干旱期间,河水彻底干枯了。本选项指出了极度干旱和正常情况的一个不同。若河水彻底没了,那么河藻自然无法生长。属于CQ1:相似性问题

E选项:
除了极度干旱之外,河藻在有大坝的河比在自由流动的河里长得好。
本选项讨论的是正常情况下两种河水中河藻的长势,没有指出推理文段中的类比对象的不同点。

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