Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumbering
Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ended shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber
Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and that ends shortly before Emily's death in 1886 and outnumbering
Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother, ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, and outnumbering
Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber
题目分析:
本题和第719题很像。考查的重点也几乎相同。
选项分析:
A选项:现在分词短语outnumbering her letters to anyone else是伴随状语。其逻辑主语为Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson。依图形背景原则,ED是在给SHD写信的过程中超过给其他人的信的(不可能写第一封信的时候就超过了给别人信的数量),因此,写信应为背景,“在数量上超过”应为图形。
B选项:句子Dickinson were written over a period和句子outnumber her letters to anyone else间缺少连词,逗号是不能连接两个句子的。
C选项:本选项没有谓语动词。
D选项:本选项没有谓语动词。
E选项:Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
which在GMAT中原则上是就近指代最近的名词,但是只能指代物,指代人只能用who/whose/whom,如果which前面没有出现物体名词而仅有人名的话就是指代错误
outnumber才是句子重點,A將其降級了
知识点:A选项是图形背景原则,「即在时间轴上持续时间长的事件必然是更大的事件,即,背景事件(从句);在时间轴上持续时间短的事件必然是更小的事件,即,图形事件(主句)。」ED给SH写的信数量上超过其他信延续时间较短,应为主句,写信应为从句。也可以用动词的“非范畴化”伴随状语的性质来判断,伴随状语与主句动作同时发生,或者先于主句动作发生,表示主句主语的一个预设状态。显然,如果按照本选项,则写信数量上超过outnumbering其他信先于写信或与写信同时发生,不合逻辑。
B选项were written和outnumber两个句子之间缺少连词,逗号不能连接2个句子。CD无谓语动词
错选A,没有考虑到句间关系,
A主干是说信件被写,E主干是说信件outnumber写给其他人的信件
分析A选项的细节成分,主干是信件被写,outnumbering变成修饰语修饰被写这个动作,所以要思考这两个句子有没有修饰关系,其实这个信件什么时候被写,和他的数量是不是超过其他人其实并没有主从、因果等修饰关系,所以应该像E做信件的定语比较合理
图形背景原则又一实例。当时在A和E里面纠结很久。原来是用这个方式去排除
长久时间为背景,一瞬间的事情(outnumbering )为主句
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当想用v-ing来修饰之前整个main clause的时候一定要仔细去想一下到底有没有内在的逻辑联系
Mark: Ron给的例子感觉也可以解释,信被写的时间和数量超过没有关系。
my brother, who ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduated in 1994. --> correct; his eating bagel bites had no impact on his graduation date.
my brother ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduating in 1994. --> incorrect; these are two unrelated observations, but this construction erroneously implies some sort of relationship.
1
Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and ending shortly before Emily's death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.
艾米莉·狄金森写给苏珊·亨廷顿·狄金森的信,写于苏珊与艾米莉的弟弟结婚前几年,结束于艾米莉于 1886 年去世前不久,写给苏珊·亨廷顿·狄金森的信件数量超过了她写给其他任何人的信件。
题目释义: Emily Dickinson’s letters, which..., outnumber
A. 本选项语法上没有错误,但是逻辑上不正确: outnumbering做结果状语,而outnumbering和前面的were written并没有直接因果关系, were written和outnumber是两件完全独立、不相关的事情,所以彼此之 间不应该有修饰关系
——句意——
A:句间关系:【letters were written】+modifier, 【outnumbering her letters to anyone else】前句是主句,后句是修饰句伴随状语,伴随状语表伴随,意思为一直存在,但不可能一开始就outnumbering,所以❌
——语法——
B:letters 【were written】 over a period that begins a few years before Susan's marriage to Emily's brother and 【ended】 shortly before Emily's death in 1886, 【outnumber】前两个动词并列,前两个动词与outnumber之间缺少连词,run-on
时间更长,应作为背景(从句)
排除A选项需要知道comma+V-ing modifier 的使用特点:
1)主语和主句的主语保持一致,这一点是满足的
2)和主句的动作是同时发生的,这一点不太满足
3)和主句的动作是有一定关系(结果、进一步描述等),然而题干中的写信这个动作和信的数量超过是没有直接关系的
examples:
my brother, who ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduated in 1994. --> correct; his eating bagel bites had no impact on his graduation date.
my brother ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduating in 1994. --> incorrect; these are two unrelated observations, but this construction erroneously implies some sort of relationship.
知识点:A选项是图形背景原则,「即在时间轴上持续时间长的事件必然是更大的事件,即,背景事件(从句);在时间轴上持续时间短的事件必然是更小的事件,即,图形事件(主句)。」ED给SH写的信数量上超过其他信延续时间较短,应为主句,写信应为从句。也可以用动词的“非范畴化”伴随状语的性质来判断,伴随状语与主句动作同时发生,或者先于主句动作发生,表示主句主语的一个预设状态。显然,如果按照本选项,则写信数量上超过outnumbering其他信先于写信或与写信同时发生,不合逻辑。
我的纠结的点是end可以作为持续性动词
错选A
A. comma+Ving,只能够表示伴随、解释说明和自然而然的结果。主句说的是信件持续的时间是什么,所以“超过写给其他人的信件量”并不是解释说明,如果要表示解释说明至少要说信件的数量很多;也不是自然而然的结果,因为持续时间是什么并不能得出“比给其他人写的信都多”这样的结果;如果作为伴随,又违背了图形原则,现在分词引导的状语持续时间要比主句长,但是伴随状语是overnumber,但是主语是were written over a period,主句持续时间更长。所以A语法错误
E. 做的时候误以为comma+which只能够修饰"Susan Huntington Dickinson"了,但其实这里是A to B, which结构
if B works as the antecedent of "which", then "which" should stand for B.
if B doesn't work as the antecedent, but "A to B" DOES work, then "which" can stand for "A to B".
理论上来说which应该修饰B,但这里B是人只能够用who修饰,因此which可以分的清到底是修饰A to B还是修饰B。这里是修饰A to B,即letters to SHD,如果SHD换成一个sth,那么E妥妥的错误选项
图形背景原则
A 如果是伴随状语 outnumber 与 was written 不肯能在同一时间点完成;
也不可能写信这件事情导致数量最多。
由于句子讲的一般都是一个事件,而事件最重要的是时间属性,所以,在时间轴上持续时间长的事件必然是更大的事件,即,背景事件;在时间轴上持续时间短的事件必然是更小的事件,即,图形事件。
因此,从句(或者分词短语等非谓语动词引导的短语)需要在时间上延续的更长,主句需要在时间上延续的更短。例如:
(1) Studying Chinese, people felt hard.
(2) **Feeling hard, people studied Chinese.
句(1)是正确的,这是因为,我们肯定是在学习中文的过程中感觉到困难的,所以“学习中文”这件事显然延续的时间更长,应作为背景(从句);“感觉困难”延续的时间相对更短,应作为图形(主句)。句(2)是错误的。
从句(或者分词短语等非谓语动词引导的短语)需要在时间上延续的更长,主句需要在时间上延续的更短, outnumber xxxx應爲主句
A选项:现在分词短语outnumbering her letters to anyone else是伴随状语。其逻辑主语为Emily Dickinson's letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson。依图形背景原则,ED是在给SHD写信的过程中超过给其他人的信的(不可能写第一封信的时候就超过了给别人信的数量),因此,写信应为背景,“在数量上超过”应为图形。