The introduction of new drugs into the market is frequently prevented by a shortage of human subjects for the clinical trials needed to show that the drugs are safe and effective. Since the lives and health of people in future generations may depend on treatments that are currently experimental, practicing physicians are morally in the wrong when, in the absence of any treatment proven to be effective, they fail to encourage suitable patients to volunteer for clinical trials.
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion of the argument?
Many drugs undergoing clinical trials are intended for the treatment of conditions for which there is currently no effective treatment.
Patients do not share the physician's professional concern for public health, but everyone has a moral obligation to alleviate suffering when able to do so.
Usually, half the patients in a clinical trial serve as a control group and receive a nonactive drug in place of the drug being tested.
An experimental drug cannot legally be made available to patients unless those patients are subjects in clinical trials of the drug.
Physicians have an overriding moral and legal duty to care for the health and safety of their current patients.
情景:新药经常因为没有志愿者来试药而被停止。因为未来的人们的生命和健康可能会依赖这些现在看起来是试验品的药,所以当医生没有成功地鼓励合适的病人做志愿者时,他们犯了道德的错误。
推理:本题的前提和结论讲的是两件事,并且结论为果,所以为因果推理。
顺序的因果逻辑:因为未来的人们的生命和健康可能会依赖这些现在看起来是试验品的药,所以当医生没有成功地鼓励合适的病人做志愿者时,他们犯了道德的错误。
(因)前提:未来的人们的生命和健康可能会依赖这些现在看起来是试验品的药
(果)结论:当,在没有有效的治疗方案的前提下,医生没有成功地鼓励合适的病人做志愿者时,他们犯了道德的错误。
选题方式:因果推理只有一个评估方向,简而言之,即,反驳推理文段中的结论。
选项分析:
A选项:很多正在试验的药的目的是为了治疗那些现在没有有效的治疗方案的情况。如果本选项正确,则其更能说明了医生鼓励病人试药的必要性。
B选项:病人没有医生那么专业的对于公共卫生的担忧,但是每个人都有一个减轻困苦的道德责任。如果每个人都有这样的责任,那么医生就更应该鼓励病人试药了。
C选项:通常情况下,半数的病人需要作为控制组并且接受无效的药物在做对比。本选项描述的是医生让病人试药的方式方法,无法削弱结论。
D选项: 除非病人们是这个药品的实验者,否则一个实验的药品不能提供给它们。同样地,如果本选项成立,则我们就更应该让病人参加试药活动了。
E选项: Correct. 在治疗疾病方面,医生对自己的病人拥有至高无上的道德和法律责任。医生需要对自己的病人无条件的负责,因此他们可能不会让自己的病人去试验未经证实的药品,可以反驳本题的结论。
因果推理,攻击结论不正确。
医生没有说服合适的病人参加临床试验,医生就犯了道德错误。
反问:即便医生没有说服病人参加临床试验,医生也没有犯道德错误,因为医生对自己的病人拥有至高无上的道德和法律责任。
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