Cognitive scientist: Using the pioneering work of comparative psychologist Gordon Gallup as a model, several studies have investigated animals' capacity for mirror self-recognition (MSR). Most animals exposed to a mirror respond only with social behavior, such as aggression. However, in the case of the great apes, repeated exposure to mirrors leads to self-directed behaviors, such as exploring the inside of the mouth, suggesting that these animals recognize there flection as an image of self. The implication of these studies is that the great apes have a capacity for self-awareness unique among nonhuman species.

The cognitive scientist makes which of the following assumptions in the argument above?    


Gallup's work has established that the great apes have a capacity for MSR unique among nonhuman species.    

If an animal does not have the capacity for MSR, it does not have the capacity for self-awareness.    

If a researcher exposes an animal to a mirror and that animal exhibits social behavior, that animal is incapable of being self-aware.    

When exposed to a mirror, all animals display either social behavior or self- directed behavior.    

Animals that do not exhibit MSR may demonstrate a capacity for self- awareness in other ways.    

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情景：认知学家：在研究动物镜像自我认知（MSR）的能力时，大部分动物只能展示出社会行为，比如攻击。但大猩猩展现出了自主的行为，说明它知道镜子里是自己。所以，大猩猩是有独特的自我意识的。

推理：因为“有自我意识”发生在“展现出自主行为”前，所以此为果因推理

（果）前提：其他动物只有社会行为，但大猩猩有自主行为

（因）结论：大猩猩有独特的自我意识。

选项分析：

A选项：G的研究已经认为大猩猩有独特的MSR能力：G工作的内容与我们的推理无关。

B选项：正确。如果一个动物没有MSR能力，它也不会有自我意识的能力：之所以认为大猩猩是独特的，是因为其他动物仅仅有社会行为。如果一个动物没有MSR能力，但依旧有自我意识的能力，那这就不是把大猩猩和其他动物区分开的标准了。取非后可以达到削弱效果。

C选项：如果一个研究人员把动物带到镜子前，并且那个动物展示出了社会行为，那个动物就没有自我意识的能力：展示出社会行为是第一步，不能因为只展示了第一步而认为没有第二步。

D选项：当暴露在镜子前，所有的动物要不展示社会行为，要不展示自主行为：无关。

E选项：没有MSR的动物会用其他方式展示自我意识：与其他方式无关。

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