Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston's schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?


The number of school nurses employed by Renston's elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.

Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.

Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.

The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.

Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston's population now than they did ten years ago.

考题讲解

情景:洗衣剂或杀虫剂等小学常用的化学制品会让孩子有过敏反应。Renston的小学护士报告说,在过去的10年中,来到他们那里治疗上述过敏的孩子增加了很多。因此,要么Renston的学生现在更多地接触了化学制品,要么学生们比10年前对化学制品更加敏感。

推理:由于前提结论讨论的是不同的事件,并且结论是因,所以是果因推理
顺序的因果逻辑:因为要么Renston的学生现在更多地接触了化学制品,要么学生们比10年前对化学制品更加敏感,所以治疗上述过敏的孩子增加了很多
(果)前提:治疗上述过敏的孩子增加了很多
(因)结论:要么Renston的学生现在更多地接触了化学制品,要么学生们比10年前对化学制品更加敏感

选题方式:果因推理有两个评估方向,简而言之,即(由于本题问的是加强,所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足),要么给“治疗上述过敏的孩子增加了很多”另一个原因,要么给出因果联系问题。

选项分析:

A选项:在Renston小学中的护士的数量在过去十年间没有减少。护士的数量变化和治疗过敏症状的孩子的数量没有关系。

B选项:对化学制品过敏的学生并不比其他学生更容易对其他东西过敏。由于推理文段的“果”讨论的是由化学制品而过敏的孩子,所以本选项不满足果因推理的评估方向。

C选项:Correct. 学生发生过敏反应时不会比过去十年更可能被送到护士那里去。若现在的学生更多的被送到校医院,则其给“治疗上述过敏的孩子增加了很多”了另一个原因,即,是因为现在更加频繁了去医院,而不是患病的更多。

D选项:化学制品并没有在家里和公寓里被广泛当作洗衣剂或杀虫剂使用。无论化学制品在哪里使用,其都会使小孩子们更加容易接触到这些化学制品,由此其不能评估推理文段。

E选项:
加入小学的小孩不会比过去十年占据人口更大的百分比。小孩占据的比例和推理文段的因果无关。

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