According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems. As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems. Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies. While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent. For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners. TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

第1题 第2题 第3题 第4题

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?


It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.

It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.

It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.

It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.

It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.

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考题讲解

题目分析：

题目释义：

细节题目

考点：

逻辑结构（Logical structure）
旨在考察我们对文章结构的认知，以及对作者行文目的的判断。

第二段开头就出现“however”，说明第二段和第一段存在一定的反对或是限定关系。从原文中来看，第一段说TQM可以有效的与其它系统结合，第二段说不能简单的嫁接。所以第二段可以认为是对第一段提出的这个概念的一个限定。



选项分析：

A选项：它提出了关于第一段描述的现象的截然不同的解释。第二段不是对TQM的完全不同的解读，而是对第一段说的比较宽泛的范围进行的一个较小的限定。

B选项：它讨论了第一段突出的普遍的原则的一个例外。这个选项较易误选。注意，第一段的如果是一个普遍的原则的话，第二段并没有论证这个原则是不适用于某些地方的，而说它是有条件的适用的。

C选项：Correct. 它提出限定第一段的论点的信息。同“考点”的解释。

D选项：它提出了一个加强第一段提到的论点的例子。第二段的没有加强第一段的论点，相反的，可以理解为削弱第一段的论点。

E选项：它提出了对第一段所讨论的问题的令一种探讨。第二段所讲述的问题并不是一种全新的理解。而是在现有的基础上做限制。

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Prep2007E2-RC