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题库 / Prep2007E2-RC-22
The United States hospital industry is an unusual market in that nonprofit and for-profit producers exist simultaneously. Theoretical literature offers conflicting views on whether nonprofit hospitals are less financially efficient. Theory suggests that nonprofit hospitals are so much more interested in offering high-quality service than in making money that they frequently input more resources to provide the same output of service as for-profit hospitals. This priority might also often lead them to be less vigilant in streamlining their services—eliminating duplication between departments, for instance. Conversely, while profit motive is thought to encourage for-profit hospitals to attain efficient production, most theorists admit that obstacles to that efficiency remain. For-profit hospital managers, for example, generally work independently of hospital owners and thus may not always make maximum financial efficiency their highest priority. The literature also suggests that widespread adoption of third-party payment systems may eventually eliminate any such potential differences between the two kinds of hospitals.
The same literature offers similarly conflicting views of the efficiency of nonprofit hospitals from a social welfare perspective. Newhouse (1970) contends that nonprofit hospital managers unnecessarily expand the quality and quantity of hospital care beyond the actual needs of the community, while Weisbrod (1975) argues that nonprofit firms—hospitals included—contribute efficiently to community welfare by providing public services that might be inadequately provided by government alone.
Which of the following best describes the overall content of the second paragraph of the passage?
It describes views concerning a particular aspect of one of the types of hospitals discussed earlier.
It describes an additional benefit of one of the types of hospitals discussed earlier.
It offers a potential solution to a problem inherent in the structure of the United States hospital industry.
It provides an additional contrast between the two types of hospitals discussed earlier.
It describes one of the consequences of the character of the United States hospital market.
题目分析：
题目释义：
细节题目
考点：
逻辑结构（Logical structure）
旨在考察我们对文章结构的认知，以及对作者行文目的的判断。
这道题目首先要了解第一二段的逻辑联系。第一段讨论的是盈利和非盈利医院的效率高低，第二段说的是从另一个角度，非盈利医院本身的效率都是存在争议的。
选项分析：
A选项：Correct. 它描述了从一个特殊方面来看前面讨论的一类医院的观点。直接定位到原文第二段的第一句话，几乎是这句话的概括版。
B选项：它描述了一个前面讨论过的一种类型的医院额外的好处。第二段整体说的是一个争议，中心不在其中一种类型医院的优势上。
C选项：它提供了一个解决美国医疗行业内部结构问题的潜在解决方案。文中没有提到医疗体系结构问题。
D选项：它提供了前文讨论过的两种医院类型的额外对比。该选项较易误选。从第二段的第一句话可知，这段是想从另一个角度来考量其中一种类型医院的效率。不是第一段提到的两种类型医院的对比了。
E选项：它描述了美国医疗市场的特性的一个结果。美国医疗市场的特性是盈利与非盈利机构共存，文中没有提到这个医疗市场特性的结果。
一个观点中的不同，不是不同观点中的不同
The same literature offers similarly conflicting views of the efficiency of nonprofit hospitals from a social welfare perspective.
The same literature offers similarly conflicting views of the efficiency of nonprofit hospitals from a social welfare perspective. Newhouse (1970) contends that nonprofit hospital managers unnecessarily expand the quality and quantity of hospital care beyond the actual needs of the community, while Weisbrod (1975) argues that nonprofit firms—hospitals included—contribute efficiently to community welfare by providing public services that might be inadequately provided by government alone.
第一段：关于非盈利医院是否比盈利医院更低的财务效率有冲突性的观点。理论显示非赢利医院更多的投入、同样的产出，对流程流线化和消除冗余更少的关注。尽管大家认为以利润最大化为首要目标会鼓励赢利医院获得财务效率，但理论界也承认因为管理层和股东行动分离造成有时候目标的分离，导致赢利医院也不能总是有好的财务效率。该理论建议靠第三方支付系统也许可以解决非赢利医院和盈利医院之间的财务效率差异。第一段核心词在conflicting views。冲突在什么地方？非赢利医院确实效率更低，但赢利医院也不见得效率就一直是高的。
脉络是：讲有conflicting views--》Theory suggests that观点的内容是--〉This priority might also often lead表示有一个不好，然后又有一个不好--》Conversely, 相反地，这里不是讲非赢利医院的好，而是转到讲赢利医院没有这些问题。while尽管，引出冲突的内容：尽管赢利医院本应该，但他们not always--》eliminate any such potential differences理论建议一种方法去消除二种医院的这个差异
第二段：similarly conflicting views从社会福利角度。即从社会福利角度也认为非赢利和赢利医院的财务效率的差异性存在冲突观点--》Newhouse认为赢利医院比社区所需的给的还要多，太多了。--〉Weisbrod认为非赢利医院适当供给，做了政府做不到的事情。综合看，第二段讲的是这个理论对于非赢利医院在提供社会福利方面是否有效率有冲突观点。
全文的核心就是conflicting views，一个理论对于非盈利医院是否比盈利医院更低的财务效率有冲突性的观点。这里的冲突不同于一般文章里的冲突，比如2个观点冲突，A认为某物如何，B认为相反；它是对于一个事物的不同方面的冲突：第一是对两个事物想象与事实的冲突：非赢利医院效率更低，yes；赢利医院效率高，no，想象/理论上它高，实际有差异。第二是另一个角度看同一个事物的观点冲突：理论下的一部分人认为非赢利医院在社会福利方面是有效的；另一部分人认为无效。
第二段压根没提到for profit医院，就不要自己脑补是在比较两种医院。
错选D：P2说的是两种观点对于non-profit hospital的efficiency有不用的看法
D应该只是在说nonprofit hospitals
两个都是在谈论效率
Theoretical literature offers conflicting views on whether nonprofit hospitals are less financially 【efficient】
The same literature offers similarly conflicting views of the 【efficiency】 of nonprofit hospitals from a social welfare perspective.
efficiency 的两个方面
因为是成对出现的，所以会误以为是另外一个对比而错选D
选项描述也较为抽象 增加了理解的难度
additional contrast→ 非效率方面的对比
a particular aspect of one of the types of 【hospitals】 discussed earlier→两个医院的另一个方面
这道题目首先要了解第一二段的逻辑联系。第一段讨论的是盈利和非盈利医院的效率高低，第二段说的是从另一个角度，非盈利医院本身的效率都是存在争议的。
不过确实不是两类医院的对比，而是介绍了对非盈利性医院的两种对立的观点。
这道题太容易选D了。。。