The United States hospital industry is an unusual market in that nonprofit and for-profit producers exist simultaneously. Theoretical literature offers conflicting views on whether nonprofit hospitals are less financially efficient. Theory suggests that nonprofit hospitals are so much more interested in offering high-quality service than in making money that they frequently input more resources to provide the same output of service as for-profit hospitals. This priority might also often lead them to be less vigilant in streamlining their services—eliminating duplication between departments, for instance. Conversely, while profit motive is thought to encourage for-profit hospitals to attain efficient production, most theorists admit that obstacles to that efficiency remain. For-profit hospital managers, for example, generally work independently of hospital owners and thus may not always make maximum financial efficiency their highest priority. The literature also suggests that widespread adoption of third-party payment systems may eventually eliminate any such potential differences between the two kinds of hospitals.

The same literature offers similarly conflicting views of the efficiency of nonprofit hospitals from a social welfare perspective. Newhouse (1970) contends that nonprofit hospital managers unnecessarily expand the quality and quantity of hospital care beyond the actual needs of the community, while Weisbrod (1975) argues that nonprofit firms—hospitals included—contribute efficiently to community welfare by providing public services that might be inadequately provided by government alone.

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The passage suggests which of the following about the managers mentioned in the highlighted text?


They have generally been motivated to streamline hospital services as a result of direct intervention by hospital owners.

They are more likely than managers of nonprofit hospitals to use unnecessary amounts of resources to provide services.

Their most important self-acknowledged goal is to achieve maximum financial efficiency so that hospitals show a profit.

Their decisions regarding services provided by their hospitals may not reflect hospital owners' priorities.

They do not place a high priority on maximizing profits, despite their desire to achieve efficiency.

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题目分析：

题目释义：

细节题目

考点：

推断（Inference）
旨在考察我们对文章的深度理解，以及逻辑推断能力。

根据题设，定位在高亮词出现的句子中。从定位句可以看出，管理者和医院的所有者是相互独立工作的。第一段意思是，非盈利性不注重经济利益，所以经济效率较低，盈利性注重经济利益，但是因为管理者和医院所有者不在一起工作，所以也不能把经济效率放在最高的优先级（注意原文的“thus”）。其潜在的意思是，如果是盈利，且只有医院所有者，就有可能实现经济效率最大化。也就是说，现阶段盈利性医院经济效益的非最大化是因为管理者不能直接反映医院所有者的优先级而造成的。



选项分析：

A选项：由于医院所有人的直接介入让他们普遍的被精简医院服务所促动。这个选项基本说反了。非盈利机构因为不需利益而不精简机构，盈利机构正是因为管理者没有被促动才也不会精简机构（经济利益最大化）。

B选项：他们比之于非盈利性机构的管理者更有可能应用不必要的资源去提供服务。文献提供的盈利医院的经济效率比非盈利性的高的原因就是其不太会提供非必要的服务。所以这个选项也基本说反了。

C选项：他们最大的目标就是财政效率最大化以至于医院开始盈利。定位在“thus may not always make maximum financial efficiency their highest priority”，直接说明了他们不会将最大的财政效率放在最高优先级上。

D选项：Correct. 他们关于医院服务的决定可能不会反映医院所有者的优先级。解释在“考点”中写明，此处不做赘述。

E选项：他们不会将利益最大化放在一个高的优先级，尽管他们希望得到好的效率。这个选项较易误选。他们不是不把经济效率放在高的优先级，而是由于他们和医院所有者分开工作，令他们无法有效的控制医院的经济效率（只有医院的所有者才真正了解需要如何改进）。

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Prep2007E2-RC