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题库 / Prep2008E1-SC-255
Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
Executives' being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
题目分析：
be committed to是一个习惯用语，意思是：致力于、献身于。例如：We will consistently be committed to providing our customers with cost-effective products. （我们致力于为客户提供具备竞价比的产品）
选项分析：
A选项：本选项中的第二个it是形式主语，指代likely身后的不定式短语to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them。第一个it是纯粹的代词，指代a course of action。从代词指代对象这个角度来说，本选项没有错误（当然，这里的it用one来替代是更好的，详见：代词）。请注意，在一个句子中（GMAT句子改错的考题都是一个句子，所以可以认为在一道句子改错的题目中），只有当两个以上的it（its）或they（them/their）均为真正代词（非形式主语），我们才需要保证它们指代同一个名词。本选项的主要错误在于，heavy commitment是一个纯名词，但其应该改为being heavily committed这一动名词短语。这点考查了“名词和ing的区别”。用之于本题，“过分致力于之前的行为”这个事件在本句中没有时间终止点。（本句只讲了这件事的后果是让人错失掉危机的先兆，但我们并不能从句中读出“过分致力于之前的行为”是否会有终止点）
B选项：本选项的谓语动词make不正确。主语是an executive。在逻辑上，执行者应该是自己更容易错失掉trouble，而不应该是使（make）错失掉trouble变得更加可能。
C选项：especially if it has worked well in the past是条件状语。状语和定语均属于修饰成分，均具有就近修饰的原则。本选项中距离这个条件状语最近的句子是when they do appear。但是，在逻辑上，该条件状语应该是be committed to的修饰语。
D选项：本选项中的宾格代词them的指代对象是executives。本选项的意思为：执行者的致力于某一种行动方针的做法让执行者错过一些困难的征兆成为了可能。通读中文即可发现本选项的写法较为“啰嗦”。实际上，第一个所有格定语（Executives’）是赘余的。这是因为，让执行者错误问题，肯定是执行者自己致力于某种行动方针。
E选项：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。此处being heavily committed to a course of action是一个被动语态的动名词短语。
one可以同物指代，也可以异物指代。同物指代时，它表示的是对先行词的范围进一步缩小，异物指代则是指与先行词同类异物的东西。
E.G：
I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 同类异物
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one. 范围缩小后的同物
B，makes missing signs or misinterpreting ones likely. 这里是误解前面提到过的signs，而不是误解signs里的某些，不能用ones，用them
C选项：especially if it has worked well in the past是条件状语。状语和定语均属于修饰成分，均具有就近修饰的原则。本选项中距离这个条件状语最近的句子是when they do appear。但是，在逻辑上，该条件状语应该是be committed to的修饰语。
要搞清楚逻辑是being committed to a course of action导致misinterpret and overlook而不是executive自己
判断being是否正确：
if "being" expresses IDENTITY orCHARACTERISTICS, then kill it.
其他情况下去掉being看有无影响。
本句去掉being之后缺少主语。
C中最后一个it是处在if从句中，而if从句中的代词指代一般要求和主句中平行
it' is ambiguous, becauseit could potentially refer either to 'course of action' (the intendedantecedent) or to 'incipient trouble'. also note that grammatical parallelismdoesn't help: both of those possible antecedents areobjects of prepositions - neither is the subject of its own clause (which wouldthereby create parallelism with 'it', which is the subject of its clause).
makes it likely to miss... this doesn't work. technically, this would mean that "it" - an unspecified entity - is likely to miss the signs. if you use the "it is ADJ..." construction, and the verb has aspecific subject, you MUST include that subject in the construction. it is likely that the executive will miss...
be committed to sth 致力于、献身于。
这题优点绕
A选项：it的指代有问题 应该是executive is likely to miss
B选项：是这件事情makes executive miss，而不是An executive makes
C选项：it指代不明，离修饰的action太远
D选项：一看Executives' being heavily committed这种结构肯定不行
这题优点绕
A选项： makes it likely to miss［it的指代有问题 应该是executive is likely to miss］
B选项：考察物／事的差别［是这件事情使得执行者miss，而不是An executive makes。。。。］
C选项：it指代不明，离修饰的action太远
D选项：or前后不平行，they指代不明
分析语意
E: 做了承诺这件事情使执行者忽视信号.
cd也显示出especially if it has worked well in the past临近修饰的区别
考察：
1. be committed to致力于。。commit必须紧跟to，中间不能隔开引起歧义，排除a，就近修饰
2. b，主谓不匹配，an executive makes missing signs错
3. especially if it has worked well in the past是条件状语。状语和定语均属于修饰成分，均具有就近修饰的原则。本选项中距离这个条件状语最近的句子是when they do appear。就近修饰
4.况且cd，it不能指代人吧，比较e可以看出应该用one而不是it来指代executive。be用的是one，cd用的是it，可见这里也是考察点，那么排除cd很容易
m
代词指代不够就近、唯一明确
m
错选b
An executive makes missing 是不对的
e
Being heavily committed to a course作主语
几个选项的主语不同，在选项主体结构存在差异的情况下，从选项主体结构的角度去解题，不再纠结于选项细微部分的问题：
A，Commitment make to miss signs likely,承诺本身不会使忽视信号发生，是执行者做了承诺这件事使忽视信号发生。
B，执行者使忽视信号发生，同A，错误。
C，执行者使忽视信号发生，同A，错误。
D，执行者做了承诺使得执行者忽视信号，语意ok。接下来看句子细节，同一个句子里的they/them指代不同的东西，错误！
E，做了承诺这件事情使执行者忽视信号，ok。
是的！同学的解释重点很对！
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A中by+名词可以做定语，如a play by Ibsen 易卜生写的剧本；a commitment by an executive；
E中being committed 做主语，没有带one's，可以用另一个句子来理解：Swimming/Running makes me happy. 这里Swimming/Running 也没有带one's，但按语意只能指我游泳/我跑步感到快乐，而不是别人游泳/跑步使我快乐，如果是别人有另一种表达方式：Looking their swimming/running makes me happy.
这一点和by doing不加one's是一个道理，实际上doing sth makes sb ……. =Sb was ……by doing sth,doing前面都不加one's。
怎么都是觉得A，C，D的especially if后面的it有问题：
因为especially if是引导条件状语从句的，也就是说它放在句首或者句尾都可以，但是会发现especially if后面的it离开了前面的a course of action就有明显的指代不明的情况。A中it可以知道commitment, C离得更远更不知道指代什么，D就可以指代"Executives' being heavily committed“了。所以为了避免状语从句，it指代的问题，B跟E就用了especially one that这种同位语从句，紧跟着' course of action”后面就不会有歧义。
其余的我看有关A的第二个it使用错误或是Commitment不能做主语之类的解释都很牵强。
个人理解A的错误：除了名词和ing的区别，还可以用句意表达不够明确来排除。A通篇翻译下来，没有提出miss和misinterpret动作的发起者是executive，而是用了形式主语带过，相比于其他选项，句意传达力差一点。（个人理解求指正）
A选项，“过分致力于”这个动作并没有终点，因此用being heavily committed来做主语
B选项，应该是执行者更容易失掉trouble，而不是使错失掉trouble变得更加可能
C选项，关键成分被放到了从句中，especially if it has worked well in the past.应该是修饰 heavily committed to a course of action
D选项，后文的them应该指的是执行者，而不应该指Executives' being heavily committed to a course of action