B和D的区别：
B中是说”对的，太阳是比月亮大了400倍，太阳也同时比月亮离地球远了400倍，所以太阳和月亮看起来一样大。“这就是为什么400 times larger和400 times farther两句话的地位不一样，主要要强调的是400 times farther，才能跟后面的"看起来一样大"更好的形成逻辑关系。D选项用and连接了两个句子，句子的地位是一样的，就表达不出这层意思了。
另外D中the Moon's语义不明（评论区这么多的讨论就说明了这点）。
The possessive form Moon's introduces ambiguity. The Sun has the same apparent size as the Moon's what? It would have been clearer and more parallel to write the Sun has the same apparent size in the sky as the Moon has.
A和D: Inhospitable places tend to be populated by specially adapted microbes and are therefore called "extremophiles". 被called的变成了places，语义错误。
B: Inhospitable places tend to be populated by specially adapted microbes and therefore called "extremophiles". places called，语义错误。
E: seeming to flourish...和that are ...同修饰microbes，语法上不能平行。
A: like that of the Moon's，of和's重复。
B: like后面不能跟句子。
C: such as用法错误，此处不是举例，要用like。
D: ..., and it was pockmarked by moonlike craters，and后面的内容与passed, took并列，it变成了Mariner IV，语义错误。
整句的结构是：
a diet (that has at least 30 percent fewer calories than they would normally eat) but (that otherwise contains all necessary vitamins and nutrients).
后面的两个(that...)都是做的a diet的形容词从句，修饰这个diet：虽然比它们平时吃的少了30%的卡路里，但是含有所有必须的维生素和营养物质。
30 percent fewer calories than (the calories that) they would normally eat，fewer后面跟的是calories，所以比较的对象是calories，而不是diet。
理解B选项的意思：It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese being closed earlier than the scheduled date.
已经很多年没有提前了，说明这个政策并没有对猎人很大限制
定位句：Because the source of a hot spot remains fixed while a surface plate moves over it, OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME an active plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a track marking the position of the plume relative to the moving plate.
考点:主谓一致(Agreement) 简洁有效(Rhetorical Construction)
1)bring A with B 和bring with B A表达的意思相同
2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词的数的形式由谓语动词后的主语的形式决定。如:out of sth. grows a market for...(由a market决定谓语动词grows).
(A) from which 的which指代it即The Achaemenid empire ，而从逻辑意思上,which应该指代script. 根据倒装结构的要求,was应该用were
(B) and错误的将bringing和deriving并列起来,使得deriving后面的结构也成为了主句的伴随状语,而逻辑上both the northern and the southern Indian alphabets是从script derive来的.因此导致逻辑意思错误.
(C) 正确，后半部分是倒装，应该是both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive from the Aramaic script
(D) derives应该改为用复数形式
(E) 犯了同B选项相同的逻辑错误
句子结构: The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached…, bringing with it the…
主谓一致性
速解：主句主语empire，划线部分的it是指代empire，所以划线后面from which 的which就不太可能还是empire了，连用两个分句都修饰empire, （bringing 是 empire brings) 就应该用并列句加个连词。因此 from which 的 which是另一个紧贴前面的名词，可纵向比较得出是script. ABE排除。因此，from which 就是一个状语成分了，谓语动词是derive，主语没出现，因此必然是后面的both... and... 读不出倒装句，也得要老老实实分析句子成分，少主语就得补主语，因为这句的作用是定语从句修饰the script，如果在这句中主语要拉上前一个主句的empire，必须拿个代词什么的填坑，可是没有看到，因此主语就是后面的both and 都both and了那必然是复数。选C.
B - examine a generally accepted position
This is not directly stated but if you consider the Big Picture this is indeed the answer. The word orthodox (conventional, generally accepted beliefs) signals this.
D - explain the underlying causes of a phenomenon
The author is not giving his viewpoints and justifying/detailing them. He is just presenting some facts and viewpoints of the economists.
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limit （限制）不等于eliminate（消除）