注意but +that 从句，考察平行：
Laboratory rats and mice live up to 40 percent longer than usual
when fed a diet 【that 从句 has at least 30 percent fewer calories than they would normally eat】 but 【that从句 otherwise contains all necessary vitamins and nutrients.】
实验室大鼠和小鼠在喂食【热量比正常情况下至少少 30%】但【却 含有所有必需的维生素和营养物质】的饮食时，寿命比平时长 40%。
【without deep-rooted vegetation“没有深根植被的覆盖”】对【hold the soil together“将土壤抓在一起”】的发生：有直接的影响，用to do，而不是for doing
Geologists have found that
streams in the Karoo basin of South Africa changed suddenly at the end of the Permian period 250 million years ago,
from the meandering shape typically found in well-vegetated zones to the braided pattern found in areas 【without deep-rooted vegetation】 to 【hold the soil together】.
地质学家发现，
在 2.5 亿年前的二叠纪末期，南非卡鲁盆地的溪流突然发生了变化，
从通常在植被茂密的地区发现的蜿蜒形状到 到 在没有根深蒂固的植被的地区为了将土壤抓在一起的编织图案。
D选项（√）
If people do not get adequate 【amounts 复数】 of sleep, newly acquired skills and 【even 递进关系】 new factual information may not get properly encoded into their memory circuits.
如果人们没有充足的【睡眠量】，新获得的技能【甚至】新的事实信息可能无法正确地编码到他们的记忆回路中。
※ 根据句意：由一个母老鼠和一些工作老鼠组成consists 应该是一个群落（colony），而不是一只动物（animal）。
※ A of B，which 从句： which 可能会出现跳跃修饰A的问题
※ each colony consisting是独立主格，作状语修饰整个句子，起解释说明的作用。
选项C（√）
Naked mole rats form【colonies】 of approximately twenty animals, 【each colony】 consisting of a single reproductive female and workers that defend her.
裸鼹鼠形成大约二十只动物的【群落】，【每个群落】由一个母老鼠和一个保卫她的工作老鼠 组成。
选项A （×）
Naked mole rats form colonies of approximately twenty 【animals】, each of 【which（×）】 consists of a single reproductive female and workers that defend her.
因为"which"只能就近修饰animals，逻辑上不符合语义。
Narwhals can be called whales of the ice: 独角鲸堪称冰中之鲸：
in icy channels, ponds, and ice-shielded bays 在冰冷的河道、池塘和冰封的海湾中
【they* seek sanctuary from killer whales, their chief predator】, and【 their annual migrations* follow the seasonal rhythm of advancing and retreating ice】.
【它们*寻找庇护所躲避虎鲸（主要捕食者）】，并且【它们每年的迁徙*遵循冰层进退的季节规律】 .
A选项（√）
Funding（拨款给） construction of new roads to the waterfront（修路） with a system of tolls（用￥过路费） on the new roads to the waterfront
通过对通往滨水区的新道路的收费系统￥，资助建设通往滨水区的新道路。→既可以减少拥堵，还能拿过路费tolls来补偿cost。（一箭双雕）
C选项（×）无关
Giving tax breaks （税收减免）to developers of businesses along the waterfront to offset any tax（抵税） levied on them for construction of roads or public transportation
为沿岸企业的开发商提供税收减免，以抵消对他们征收的道路或公共交通建设税。--不能解决拥堵，也没修路。
※ 注意原文中隐蔽前提P的【限定条件】（此处为few，含否定意味）：
【few employees几乎没有员工】read ……【familiarize themselves with all the rules 熟悉所有规则】. ∈隐蔽的前提P
这句话就是这个plan为什么要实施的原因（Why）,要看到本质。
原文：
Although our corporation lists rules in an orientation booklet, 【few employees几乎没有员工】 read the booklet carefully enough to 【familiarize themselves with all the rules 熟悉所有规则】.
Lecturing 训斥 employees for inadvertent rule violations 因疏忽违反规则 often makes them resentful and less cooperative.
目标Goal : to improve employee adherence to rules, 提高员工对规则的遵守
计划Plan： issue gentle 【reminders about various rules】 in each issue of our 【weekly newsletter】. 周报对各种规则的温和提醒
逻辑链是：（原因）∵没有员工熟悉规则→ （解决办法）∴要实施plan →（实施后）完成目标：让员工遵守规则
问题：How 加强前提P
E. Whether most of them would usually 【read with sufficient care 足够用心地阅读（√）】 the portions of the 【weekly newsletter】that are 【reminders of rules】. 最相关，涉及隐蔽的前提P
D. Whether most of them who regularly read the 【weekly newsletter】 are 【familiar with （×）】 at least some rules。
原文第一句已经限定了P前提 ：【few employees几乎没有员工】仔细阅读了手册以【familiarize themselves 熟悉】所有规则。
类比题：此题类似于OG题目（原文：教室内in the classroom的儿童 use 电脑 → 导致手腕受伤；选项：控制control group -- 教室外outside the classroom的儿童）
Some researchers suspect that magnetic fields from high-voltage power lines can cause health problems for 【people who live especially near the lines ①近】.
However 然而, this is extremely unlikely: Beyond a distance of a few feet, the strength of the magnetic fields from high-voltage power lines is less than the average strength of magnetic fields in 【homes that are not located near such lines ②远】.
文章出现两个对照组：【people who live especially near the lines ①近】 v.s. 【homes that are not located near such lines ②远】
问题：找前提P
选项里Whether：回答Yes→有效；回答no→无效。
选项A：控制另一个对照组control group（√），限定条件（包括时间、地点……）--秒选
Whether magnetic fields in 【homes that are not located near high-voltage power lines ②远】can cause health problems for the residents of those homes
原文：
Traces of 【cultivated emmer wheat种植的小麦】 have been found among the 【earliest agricultural remains】 of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia.
The only place where the **wild form of emmer wheat 野生的小麦** has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.
Since 【the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat 指代前文の种植的小麦】yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that **emmer wheat 指代前文の野生的小麦** was 【first domesticated】 somewhere in that strip.
~~~
在E&A早期农业遗址（①地） 发现了cultivated E（种植的小麦）。
在sA地发现 wild E（野生的小麦）的地方只有一处，即narrow strip（②地）
P ∵ cultivated E的最早发现地（①）是在同一片的narrow strip（②）
C ∴ E首次种植（first domesticated）在这片区域。
问题：How 增强
D 从种植前的年代开始，wild E （野生的小麦）所在这片区域气候没什么变化climatic conditions have changed very little
∈排他增强，即，控制其他条件不变（√）
A 讨论其他小麦 another wild wheat, einkorn，无关
B 谈产量yield，无关
C 提到营养价值nutritious，无关
E 如何区分 differentiate E和其他野生小麦，无关
❤ 出现统计数据（50个旧 v.s.50个新），攻击数据样本。（样本代表性问题）
A （√ ）The paintings chosen by the book's author for analysis could be 【those that most support the book's thesis】.
作者选择画的时候，专挑那种能支持这个结论的画。→ 说明样本不具有代表性，不足以支持结论。（selection bias 选择性偏差）
People buy prestige（声望、名气） when they buy a premium product（优质产品）. They want to be 【associated with something special与一些特别的东西联系】. Mass-marketing techniques（大众营销技巧） and price reduction strategies（降价策略） should not be used because _____.
人们在购买优质产品时会购买声望。 他们想【与一些特别的东西联系】在一起。 不应使用大众营销技巧和降价策略，因为____。
B. continued sales depend directly on the【 maintenance of an aura of exclusivity 】（√）∵特别的东西 = 独家
B. 持续销售直接取决于【保持独家光环】
A. 【Affluent 】purchasers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all purchasers .（×）富裕的消费者%↓--无关
C. purchasers of premium products are concerned with the 【quality as well as with the price】 of the products. （×）质量和价格--无关
D.expansion of the market niche. （×）扩大利基市场--无关
E. manufacturing cost. （×）制造成本--无关
原文：
Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream cholesterol levels by increasing the body's capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol.
即： HDL↑ →→ C level↓
Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of 【some individuals】 are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.
即：regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的 HDL↑
※ 串起来：regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的 HDL↑ →→ 某些人的 C level↓
选项D：A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of 【some individuals.（√）】
即：regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的C level↓
选项B：【Individuals（×）】 who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.
演绎推理：(得出结论C，不要出现新信息）
R：90%人认识失业者
S：But a normal, moderate level of unemployment 正常情况，适中的失业率为5%，20人里一人失业。这样如果一个人认识50人，1人或以上失业的概率很大
A选项（√）
The fact that 【90 percent of the people know someone who is unemployed，R的看法】 is 【not】 an indication that 【unemployment is abnormally high，S说这是正常的】.
90%的人认识失业的人这个事实【并不能表明not an indication that】失业率特别高。
原文：increase ridership dramatically 增加乘客量（第一句：隐秘前提P）→ 可以raising automobile tolls 提高过桥费（第二句：搭桥）→融资finance these improvements、securing the necessary funds （+$）
题目：削弱
A.实施前可能有反对objection，但不一定会阻止方案通过
C 买更多“优惠券” 延迟postpone增长效果，最后还是要付钱。∈通勤者们应对方案的方法，和方案本身的属性无关
E 无关
B 为调整自动收费机付费$，增加了实施方案的额外成本。∈方案副作用 ，但强度小于选项D。
D 上次增长过路费 20%的人【regular commuter traffic 】就换线路了switched to a slightly longer alternative route， 这次再增长，可能换线路人更多，那就意味着交过路费的人变少，政府收到的钱变少(-$)，所以不能达到目标。（直接减少了乘客量ridership=【regular commuter traffic 】，攻击了隐蔽前提）
选项C（√）：
On the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, water remains frozen,
but the gravitational 【force】 of Jupiter and its other moons 【causes】 【contractions 】(that may generate enough heat to melt ice below Europa's surface).
在木星的卫星欧罗巴表面，水仍然结冰，
但是木星和其他卫星的【引力】会【造成】【收缩】（，从而产生足够的热量来融化木卫二表面以下的冰）。
※ 根据语义：【引力】会【造成】【收缩】，【收缩】产生热量
C, the gravitational force causes contractions that may generate so much heat. 引力→造成收缩力（√），收缩→产生热量。（√）
D, the gravitational force, causing contractions, may generate so much heat. 引力→造成收缩力（√），引力→产生热量。（×）
选项E（√）
The Scandinavian assault on Western Europe culminated in the early eleventh century with the Danish conquest of the English kingdom,
an 【achievement】 that other Scandinavian kings attempted to 【repeat】 later in the century, but (other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later 被省略) without success.
斯堪的纳维亚对西欧的进攻在 11 世纪初 随着丹麦征服英国王国 而达到高潮，
其他斯堪的纳维亚国王试图在本世纪后期【重复】这一【成就】，但（其他斯堪的纳维亚国王试图在以后重复）没有成功。
A选项（×）：【the English kingdom（×）】, which other Scandinavian kings attempted to 【repeat】, unsuccessfully, later in the same century
能被重复的（repeat的宾语）只能是过去的成就achievement，而不能是“英国he English kingdom”。
C选项（×）：an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat, but were not successful at 【it（×）】
根据语义，were not successful at的对象应该是整个复制的行为，而不是某一个单数名词。
it只能指代单数名词，不能指代句子（整个复制的行为，即，other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat）。
D选项（×）：an achievement attempted later in the century by other Scandinavian kings 【that （×）】was not successful
尝试复制和没有成功之间的关系是转折（but），而不是解释说明（that）。
并且，that was not successful的主语（×）
Since digital recording offers essentially perfect reproduction—on compact discs, digital audiotapes, or digital videodiscs—
audiophiles can accumulate 【vast collections of music】, transferring【 it =music】 from one format to another, copying 【 it =music】, and digitally altering 【 it =music】 with little effort and no damage to the sound quality.
由于数字录音提供了本质上完美的复制——在光盘、数字录音带或数字视频光盘上——
发烧友可以积累【大量的音乐】，将【其=音乐】从一种格式转换为另一种格式，复制并以数字方式对其进行修改，而无需费力且不会损坏音乐。 音质。
∵ 能被从一种格式转换成另一种格式（transfer from one format to another）的只能是【music】，而不能是collections of music（算是代词前唯一的较为合理的复数名词了）。所以用 【it】
vast collections of 大量的（类似于形容词，修饰music）
类似句子：
My grandfather bought literally thousands of bottles of 【aspirin】, just to ensure that his family would never run out of 【it】 even in the event of a nuclear disaster.
"It" = aspirin. 用完的是aspirin，而不是bottles
E选项（×）：逻辑主语错误（看前文Though从句）
主语应该是：被作为能源用于房屋加热系统，热水壶，和工业熔炉的东西应该是“天然气（natural gas）”，而不是“在美国被消耗的能源（the energy consumed in the United States）”。
【Though】[widely used for decades to fuel home heating systems, utility boilers, and industrial furnaces], 【natural gas 】has still accounted for far less of the energy consumed in the United States than has oil.
【尽管】[几十年来广泛用于家庭供暖系统、公用锅炉和工业炉的燃料]，【天然气】在美国消耗的能源中仍然远远低于石油。
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注意but +that 从句，考察平行：
Laboratory rats and mice live up to 40 percent longer than usual
when fed a diet 【that 从句 has at least 30 percent fewer calories than they would normally eat】 but 【that从句 otherwise contains all necessary vitamins and nutrients.】
实验室大鼠和小鼠在喂食【热量比正常情况下至少少 30%】但【却 含有所有必需的维生素和营养物质】的饮食时，寿命比平时长 40%。