The meaning is not clearly expressed in A. Are the scientists really hoping "in their attempt"? Not exactly. Their attempt shows that they are hoping, certainly. In addition, "at cleaning" is the wrong idiom; we want "to clean" here.
a, to be of 逻辑上的宾补
b, 宾补用了doing，acknowledge变为被动语态的时候，约束力比较强，要跟to do
c, 这件事被acknowledge，然而被承认的是它的工作，而不是这件事情
d, there be句型，核心词是there is acknowledgement
e, importance has been acknowledged
a, any other known insect
b, any insect → 语义错误，自己不能和自己比
c, 主语是midge，谓语动词spends→ 和a有成分的差异。a的意思是花费整个生命周期情况下和其它昆虫不一样。意思是所有的species都是spending entire life cycle，只是midge和别的不一样。
c的意思是不一样之处在于midge在雪里面生活
d,because状语从句就近修饰known
e,spending伴随状语就近修饰
b, though without taste and odor, 状语→描述修饰动作，修饰is detectable的状态
然而，没有气味和味道应该是定语修饰drop（一滴）
c, A is done by B ，是个主谓宾结构→a选项是个主系表结构：这样的一滴是有潜力检测的（无法证明辣椒素辣）
c是这样的一滴可以被人检测出来
bottom line
(business 商) the amount of money that is a profit or a loss after everything has been calculated
• 最终赢利(或亏损)；损益表底线:
»The bottom line for 2004 was a pre-tax profit of £85 million.
C is badly worded, though, because it seems to imply that there are two possibilities of essentially equal probability (either (1) little polar ice melts OR ELSE (2) the water levels blah blah blah). That leaves B, which correctly implies that the melting of the ice is hypothetical.
B were it to do so [hypothetical] if it were to do so
'they' is an ambiguous pronoun that potentially refers either to 'antioxidants'/'compounds' or to 'health benefits'. at worst it refers to 'health benefits', the subject of the preceding sentence, by default. either way, you've got problems.
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错选B intuition offers a surer road to truth than ... 没有说offer discipline needed in the search for truth / D 也不对，没有提供解决自己和世界矛盾的方法/ 排除法，选D