实验题： 通苍蝇在个体实验时比起集体严重更少的避免有味道的区域
学者假设： 苍蝇群发（give off）信号，告知其他的苍蝇oder，所以其他的苍蝇避开了

问学者的假设在什么assumption下成立？
b. 排除一个可能性- 苍蝇们（没有避开&独立实验）不会 跟着其他苍蝇走（当做群体实验时）； 取反， 苍蝇们（没有避开&独立实验）会 跟着其他苍蝇走（当做群体实验时）--> 不是因为发信号出发，而是因为跟着走，削弱

D选项把最后的of删掉对不对呢

本选项的第一个词with也应该去掉，因为award是一个双及物动词，应该直接加两个宾语（soldiers和the Congressional Medal of Honor），即，award A B（这的award用了被动语态，即，A be awarded B）。

A选项的意思是得考虑整个的市场行情，如果整个市场去年比前年好，那XT的10%的增长就有可能不是因为促销。
C的主要原因是没有定量。而且是were there any，几个用户的行为不能影响到整体。

on the grounds：因为
这道题tricky的地方在于问题的问法——文章论点是易受攻击的，因为文章认为……
接下来的选项应该是讨论文章的逻辑漏洞，直接问你GAP是什么。
所以应该是in the scope的错误，是店家考虑的错误，而不可能是他因削弱

until表示动作的延续，即在某个时间段内一直持续这个动作，这边的意思变成了take years这个动作的持续，意思上是不对的
另外take和be restricted to并列，应该用and连接

contention除了论点还有争议的意思！！！
Paczynski reasoned that..........说明前半段是原因，后面驳斥了一些对该观点的质疑

increasing the gravity错误

应该是即将发生的趋势，故后面应该是will do，所以B正确A错误

A. 现在完成时指这件事已经发生，rich nations已经加入，符合题意
B. 一般现在时表示这是一个自然定律，并且in order to表目的，for doing表原因，故错误

第一遍模考做错了，忽略了推导出结论的时候所用的理由。这题削弱，是从结论的理由下手的，使得得出结论的理由不成立。

题目：因为船速越低，马达声就越低沉，manatee听不到低沉的声音，所以让船低速行驶只能让情况更糟。

E manatee压根就听不出船的马达声，题目结论基于的理由不能成立，题目结论不成立。

A 是给出了一个他因，说要求船低速行驶的区域是manatee生活的区域和以前发生过碰撞的区域，也是有一定的削弱作用的，但是没有E这样直接针对题目的论据出手。

the failure to honor promises WAS the deceptive business practice. 而不是failure to keep promises 导致了deceptive business，故DE错误

SV40是原因，researchers认为是”疫苗被感染了“这个渠道，导致产生了慢性癌症，所以在芬兰疫苗没有被感染，SV40没有渠道导致进入人体导致癌症

oh my gosh that's a lot of questions.
most of these are distinctions i've never consciously thought about, even though i've used a lot of them in my writing, so we can think of this as exploring together! (seriously)

akhpad wrote:

2.
so + adj/adv + that
such + adj + noun + that
Don is so tall that he can reach the top shelf without any effort.
Don is such a tall boy that he can reach the top shelf without any effort.=> is it correct?

i think your example here is fine, although it's unnecessary; if the emphasis is on a quality described by an adjective ("tall"in this example), then it's more compact and stylistically better to write "so + adj + that".
you are more likely to see the second of these constructions if the quality itself is embodied by a noun rather than by an adjective. for instance, Tom is such a hermit that he hasn't left his house in two years.
in that sentence, the quality is actually described by a noun ("hermit"), so there is no option to use the "so + adj + that" construction.

3.
The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.
It is such a heavy box that I can’t lift it.
what is the difference in meaning.

exactly the same situation as #2. if you wrote the latter sentence as "it is such a monolith that i can't lift it", then, better.

4.
She worked hard and she made herself ill.
She worked so hard that she made herself ill.
She worked so hard as to make herself ill.
Is it correct? What is the change in meaning?

the first one -- the one with just "and" -- is incorrect unless you are actually implying that these are two separate, independent things. for instance, if this woman worked really hard and then drank alcohol until she began to vomit, the first sentence would make sense. if working hard is the cause of her illness, then the first sentence is incorrect.

the second and third constructions are a lot like each other; i don't think that gmac will ask you to distinguish between them. (if you see a split like that in a problem, then scour the choices for other differences.)
nevertheless, i think i can give you some sort of explanation: in general, you don't use so ADJ as to VERB unless the VERB describes some sort of state/condition. i.e., if the verb is an action verb, this construction generally isn't used.
for instance,
i am so ugly as to be viscerally repulsive to women. --> this works, because the verb "to be" describes a state/condition.
i am so ugly as to repel women on sight. --> you generally wouldn't see this in good writing, as "repel" is an action verb; the sentence would probably be written as i am so ugly that i repel women on sight.

rest assured that the above discussion is MUCH more subtle/writerly than anything that will actually be tested on this exam.

5.
"so as to" and "so + adj + as to"
I called him in order to invite him.
I called him to invite him.
I called him so as to invite him.
What is the change in meaning?

very interesting.
there's not really a difference in the first two. in general, "in order to" works better in longer sentences -- sentences in which there are so many words that "to" by itself would lead to a confusing/unreadable sentence.

"so as to" is an interesting construction. i don't think that gmac likes it very much -- i've never seen it in an officially correct answer -- but i think the main distinction is that it's used to describe indirect intentions.
for instance, the example above isn't great because you are calling this person directly to invite him, so you should use one of the earlier two versions.

on the other hand, consider the following: Joe bought a gym membership so as to become more attractive to women.
this is what i mean by indirect intention. obviously, the act of buying a gym membership itself is not going to make joe instantly more attractive to women (women do not swoon over a man's gym membership card). instead, there are plenty of implied intermediate steps between "by a gym membership" and "be more attractive"; the use of "so as to" implies that there are such intermediate steps in the process.

once again, this is a very writerly difference. i think it's fun to try to explicate it -- i've definitely never thought about these things consciously before -- but i can guarantee that you will not be tested on this kind of difference.

6.
I study so that I can get a good grade.
I study so as to get a good grade.

same distinction as above.
if you are talking about getting a good grade on the actual exam you are studying for, then this is a direct intention, and so the first sentence works better.
if you are talking about getting a good grade in the entire course, then this is an indirect intention, and so the second sentence is better.

once again, this kind of difference will never be tested on the gmat. however, if it ever helps you become a professional writer, then you can thank me.

I study so hard that I can get a good grade.
I study so hard as to get a good grade.

remember that "so + adj + that" indicates some sort of extreme quality. so, the first of these sentences probably doesn't make sense, unless getting a good grade is presented as some sort of extreme, unusual achievement.
for instance, let's say there's a class called "math X" at some university, and that this class is so difficult that only one in every thousand students even gets a passing grade.
in that case, "i study sooooo hard that i can actually get a good grade in math X" makes sense. on the other hand, if this is just a sentence about normal intentions, then it's wrong.

the second one doesn't make sense; see my notes about "so ____ as to ____" above.

Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers to provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newborn children. => INCORRECT

this is a whole different issue. in the construction "so as to", there is no change of subject, and so there's an implication that the subject is the same as the subject of the previous clause/action.

that's a big issue here, because the only subjects of actions in the previous clauses are "congress" and "certain employers". therefore, the sentence is implying that one of these two entities is actually going to care for sick or newborn children! not good.
the sentence needs to be written in a way that changes the subject.

前者认为“这个战时联盟促进了the cause of civil right，但在战后的覆灭，使战后的民权运动失去了机会”
后者认为“工会至始至终（all along）都是白人至上主义”
故区别在于是二战时期对于非裔美国人的态度，前者是认为alliance但随后破灭，后者是认为根本就没有过结盟
D. 二战对工会工作”场所“的影响，错误

A. * "so many ... such that" is an incorrect idiom.
the correct idiom is "so ADJ ... that", and is used to emphasize the unusual extent of ADJ. (in this case, ADJ is "many".)

B. * you need commas around the appositive modifier ("once 75 percent of the population").
* "are now accounting for" is bulky and unnecessary (especially vs. "account for" in the other choices).

C. * most obvious problem: you can't use "which" for people.
* the "that" at the beginning is ungrammatical.

* "such that" doesn't make sense.
in fact, i don't think you should pick a sentence with "such that" in one piece. I would be suspicious of any sentence that has "such that" IN ONE PIECE.
"such NOUN that" is a perfectly respectable construction in formal English though.
the ONLY non-awkward, correct sentences i've seen with "such that" are sentences about math or physics (e.g., "choose x and y such that x + y = 10").

D. * same problem with "such that".
* "only" is misplaced. the purpose is to show that 1/2 is a smaller fraction than before, so "only" should be placed directly before "half".

E. correct.
* it's idiomatic "so many ... that"
* and everything else is ok, too.

10p5 / 10p4

repopulate ≠ can gradually increase with time

他没说不可以是负数啊？？？？？？

转折前讲的是magazine，转折后也应该讲magazine，而非 individual