B选项:Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an 【atypical(adj. 非典型的)】 group of women正确。基于一个【不典型的】女性群体得出结论:第一段最后说到JK和JB只观察了意大利的上层女性,并且没有考虑社会地位和宗教的影响,所以研究的群体不典型。
atypical不认识,但其他四个选项都是跟原文没关系可以排除的,那么可以大胆猜测B选项的意思
scholars have questioned whether the American system helped achieve the framers' goals,这个framers' goals就是protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation's economic growth
A选项:Clark's reason for undertaking the study was to undermine 【Braverman's analysis】 of the function of technology. 原文说的是Clark refutes the 【extremes】 of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. C只是要反对B的极端观点,而非全部分析
C选项:按OG的讲解,原文altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers可以被归纳为C选项中的impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization。
注意审题,问的是the [social constructivists' version] of technological determinism,定位第三段The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed tobelieve, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
B选项:An interpretation is presented, its 【soundness(安定性;坚固性)】 is examined, and a warning is given.正确。提出一个解释,它的可信性被检测,然后给出警示:正确。文章先给出关于两栖动物数量下降的解释,然后评估它的准确性,最后警示不可以马后炮。
E选项:Two 【methods】 for analyzing a phenomenon are compared, and further study of the phenomenon is recommended.对比分析某种现象的两种方法,然后建议深入调查:文章【没有提到两种"方法"!】。
A选项:They are among the 【rarest】 kinds of amphibians.他们是最稀少的物种。
D选项:Those with decreasing populations are the 【most likely】 candidates for immediate extinction.正确。数量正在下降的是最有可能立刻灭绝的:原文没提。
排除法:
An endangered population is always rare(A), almost always small(B), and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction(C) even without a proximate cause in human activities(E).---->D
A&D选项都有最高级!虽然相较于原文A选项的“rarest”太绝对,但D提都没提更错
C选项:They should not come as a surprise, because amphibian populations generally have been 【declining】 for [a number of years].灭绝并不令人意外,因为两栖动物数量已经下降很多年了:文章提到some amphibian populations have shown strong 【fluctuations】 [in the past].数量近几年在【波动】,并没有一直下降。
D选项:灭绝是由多个偶发事件(chance event)导致的: chance event只是灭绝的一种可能性原因,原文没有直接说【两栖动物的灭绝】就是有可能是因为chance event导致的
E选项:正确。他们没有清晰的组成“环境恶化”的证据:正确。作者认为数量下降并不一定标志着环境恶化,也有其他原因和影响。(显然在文中直接提到,比起D选项更合理)
环境学家的观点是"amphibian crisis," which, in their view, is an 【indicator】 of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity.
环境学家们认为decline是作为环境退化的一个indicator,是相关性,不是因果性(注意关键词“indicator”)!并不是说decline是由环境退化而造成的
C选项:Their certainty that population declines in general are caused by environmental degradation is not warranted.他们认为数量下降是由于环境恶化造成的,这个看法是没有担保的:这些环境学家认为数量下降反映了环境恶化,但没有说其中的因果联系。
D选项:They have drawn 【premature(未成熟的;过早的;提前的)】 conclusions concerning a crisis in amphibian populations from recent reports of declines. 正确。从近期的报道里,他们得出了一个关于两栖动物危机的【不成熟】的建议:后文在讲两栖动物的下降真的需要我们担心吗?但我们无法得到长期数据,所以这个下降趋势背后真正的原因和影响有待考证,但学者就此得出结论,【过于仓促——premature】
1. 近期报道:两栖动物(amphibian)的额数量在下降
所以环境学家认为(claim):要对此采取行动 & 这是人类活动导致环境恶化的信号
2. 这个claim对不对呢?敲黑板:要区分“正在减少的数量(declining population)”和“濒临灭绝的数量(endangered population)”
3. 数量下降比灭绝更糟糕。但也要区分“表面的下降”、“可接受的数量减少”、“导致灭绝的下降”
4. 虽然目前的两栖动物数量下降的严重程度存疑,但如果我们马后炮,后果也很严重。
文章结构:
may be 【signs】 of a general trend toward extinction, and ...... "amphibian crisis," which, in their view, is an 【indicator】 of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity
现象-claim->evaluate claim-> declining one and endangered one---evaluate amphibian populations -> attitude: postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.
重点在第二段的开头:To evaluate these claims--就是选项“assess the validity of a certain view”
A选项:正确。评估一个理论的有效性:文章第一段的学者提出:目前两栖动物的数量下降是灭绝的信号,我们要采取行动。后文开始评估这个claim,真的是灭绝的信号吗?
C选项:辨别一个问题产生的原因:problem指的是两栖动物数量下降,但文章并没有提到数量下降的原因。(注意关键词“sign”"indicator", 只是相关性的信号,不是因果!!)
E选项:[allay] concern about a particular phenomenon [减轻]关于一个现象的忧虑:文章没有出现“减轻忧虑”。
上一个回复好多错字。。。
感觉A选项的解释很不好,什么纯名词就比动名词好。太牵强了。
我觉得最明显的错误就是,makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble里面it的错误,这里没有subject,这个it就算指代to do不定时,意思也是不完整的。到底是谁likely miss?? 所以逻辑意思不完整。
同意
我以为it是形式宾语不是代词。。。。commitment makes it likely to miss signs意思是c使miss signs变的可能/c使得有miss signs的可能性。。。。
真正必要条件和真正的结论之间的关系是什么?如何确定自己是判断出了真正的结论,而不是错过了“疑似必要条件”的筛选?
文章大意:
1. F&M提议:更简单的医疗诊治
Frazier and Mosteller [assert] that medical research could be improved by a move toward "larger, simpler" clinical trials of medical treatments.
原因:现在的研究提取了过多的信息,加剧成本。尽管减少信息提取有风险,但风险很小
2. 提议的具体内容:
Frazier and Mosteller [propose] not only that researchers "limit data collection" on individual patients but also that researchers "enroll more patients" in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study.
a. 减少信息提取。
b. 扩大样本。优点:考虑更多情况,使用于更多病人群体
第二段开头:Frazier and Mosteller propose ... 证明是对于改进方法的提议
D选项:describing 【propose】 changes to the ways in which clinical trials are conducted
What is the strategy of OAS? He counters the resident’s claim by citing a fact (meter reading) and by presenting an alternate reason (other than the reason that the new digital billboards are brighter) for the resident’s perception.
听证被televised而不是participation,仔细看指代
1.however不能连接两个句子
2. B选项和C选项的区别居然是在标点符号上,🤮吐了!!!
population 用 size of population来表示,
问题是:
B选项没有提到狼啊,只是提了某个人口大小
population前有定冠词the,回指前文出现的the wolf population
觉得D的问题不是在于创收的问题,而是在于把人吸引到了厨具上,其实和杂志的收入是没有关系的。杂志就是受广告费,以及即将有的冠名费。说明冠名费不会影响广告费就能说明收收入没有减少
B选项:正确。提出一个学者(即第二段的Catherine Gallagher)的解释,来解释一个令人困惑的历史现象:第一段讲了一个令人困惑的现象:保皇党女性批评父权主义;第二段提出了一种解释。
E选项:historians have been understandably puzzled by the fact that Royalist women wrote the earliest extended criticisms of the absolute subordination of women in marriage and the earliest systematic assertions of women's rational and moral equality with men.
历史学家懵逼的原因是保皇党观念的来源是一个提倡父权的人,而提倡女权的又是保皇党那边的。所以如果这些女权先驱是议会党而不是保皇党的,还比较说得通。
逻辑推理,此处与CR中的反方向推理不同,历史学家因为女权是保皇党而懵逼,文章中是有迹可循可以推理除历史学家认为女权更应该是议会党才合理!
(e.g. 比如我对某一题答案为A感到困惑,但这并不能说明如果答案是B我就不困惑了,除非有明确说明我内心是倾向于答案应为B的)
contrasting the reasoning of various groups concerning their positions on certain proposed legislation,对比几个组织对于一项法律提案有自己的立场的原因。A有立场a,因为……,B有立场b,因为……
presenting various groups' views of the 【motives】 of those proposing certain legislation,展现几个组织的对于法律提案的动机的观点,那就是A组织认为提案的动机是……,B组织认为提案的动机是……;注意文章没有列举所有机构的【动机】!!(注意审题!)
The passage 【implies】 which of the following about the five asteroids mentioned in the highlighted text? (imply意味着未必在原文有明确的表述但肯定是原文内容强烈暗示可推测出来的!)
C选项:They are monoliths 正确。他们都是M:文章最后一句说,[most] small asteroids "should" be monolithic----"暗示"这五个行星是M
D选项:They are 【composed of】fragments that have escaped the gravity of larger asteroids. 他们由碎片组成,那些碎片是从大行星上逃跑的:这五个行星是M,也就是single rocks,并不是大行星的碎片。(原文有 fragments that have escaped the gravity of larger asteroids,但从未说过这五个行星是由这些碎片【组成的】!)