Contrary to身后是名词+定语从句的结构，因此，整个Contrary to financial analysts, who predicted last year that the market for home computers would dwindle的核心词为financial analysts。但在逻辑上，能和the personal computer industry continued to show strong growth（个人电脑工业具有强劲的增长）具有“相反”的关系的，只能是分析师的预期，而不能是分析师。
in B) making beneficiaries pay 20% of cost is acting as the adverbial -ing of the whole structure of ( Medicare,....,covers the full cost of...but not of other non hospital service, making......) Thus the meaning doesn't make sense
aving done 结构肯定是做状语的修饰主句的动作的，不是定语来修饰名词的。如果你having done结构只是来修饰一个名词的，那何谈和名词的先后顺序的？ 那什么时候 现在分词doing 做定语呢？在GMAT中 如果 doing结构不加逗号直接放在名词后面，往往都是做定语的，所以我们可以推断出: having done 是永远不会做定语的。具体来说 也就是永远不会没有逗号而存在。
1. men and women，所以要用themselves，排除CE
2. D选项还原 it had previously been considered of men and women they were incapable of discerning truth for themselves ，首先引导从句省略了that，其次句意完全读不通，所以排除
3. having been done只能做状语
倍数的比较：
(1)x times as much/big as B
(2)x times more/bigger than B
(3) A is x times B 或 x times that numbers of B
charge通常后面跟东西，如：charge ¥3 for the pen，也可以直接用charge for sth表示就某物收费的意思（不说到底收多少），如：
Do you think museums should charge for admission? 你认为博物馆应该收入场费吗？
本题，three times the price that the drug's maker charges for another product，that指代the price，被比较对象还原成“the drug's maker charges (the price) for another product，完美
选项A：（√）原句句意
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.
1800 年 4 月 24 日批准的国会法案规定将美国政府迁至新的联邦城市华盛顿特区（从句是背景--大事件），该法案还建立了国会图书馆（主句--小时件）。
选项E：（×）establishing作为伴随结果，改变句意
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also【establishing】 the Library of Congress.
1800 年 4 月 24 日通过的国会法案规定将美国政府迁至新的联邦城市华盛顿特区，导致/同时 建立国会图书馆。
只有forbid 可以接to do sth，prohibit sb from doing sth
forbid/prohibit都可以接名词或动名词，禁止某个行为
e.g. prohibit/forbid smoking in my home；smoking in my home is prohibited/forbidden
【The Acoma and Hopi 】are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, 【both dating】 back at least a thousand years.
【阿科马人和霍皮人】可能是现存最古老的两个普韦布洛社区，【这两种人都可以追溯到】至少一千年。
Aboth dating不是伴随状语，而是独立主格，在此表示补充说明，与each型独立主格同一原理
B. both of 【which（×） 远距离跳跃修饰】 have dated
C. 【and （×）修饰改成了并列】each has dated
代词the ones指代有误。这个代词通常用于指代前面出现过的一堆人或物种的几个，例如：
I planted a lot of roses in my garden. The ones in white I like the best.
例句中的the ones指代的是a lot of roses中的几朵。在本题中，显然同一群人不可能即被鲨鱼咬死又被蜜蜂咬死。
C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
This one is tough, because it's not grammatically or idiomatically incorrect. "So... that" is a correct idiom. It's certainly wordier than A, and there also seems to be a disconnect in meaning. If something is "indistinguishable," then people are not able to distinguish it. Here, saying that the "shifts... are unable to be distinguished," then the lack of ability is on the part of the shifts, and not on the people distinguishing. This is a case in which passive voice alters the meaning slightly, and therefore makes less sense.
in the construction "it is (adjective) for XXXX to (verb)", the adjective describes what XXXX experience(s) in trying to (verb).
e.g.,
This book is hard for me to read.
(I experience difficulty in reading this book.)
It is difficult for Liz to talk to her ex-husband.
(liz has trouble talking to her ex. we don't know whether the converse is true.)
so, choice E is saying that the appliances themselves have to spend a lot of money "to be bought on credit". well, that doesn't make any sense.
also，even if your knowledge of these constructions is nil, you should still be able to kill E because it's so terribly wordy and clunky, as compared to the other choices.
(no, wordiness is not an actual error... but the correct answers are NEVER more wordy / less efficient than the incorrect answers. thus, you can still use differences in wordiness as viable criteria for elimination.)
1.idiom:between...and....，AB的with错
2.idiom:词组，not so much...as....，ABE错
3.平行，not so much in...but in...，前后应该都是用介词in，B错
4.措辞，这里应该用lie（位于）而不是lay（下蛋），AE错
5.idiom：difference from和difference/distinction between A and B，
D错，没有distinction from
补充：
lie / lay做动词时用法说明
lie为不及物动词；lay为及物动词。
lie : 1.lie - lied - lied 撒谎
2.lie - lay - lain 躺着；平放
lay : lay - laid - laid 产卵，下蛋；放，搁
The long dash is used to indicate an example or an aside. Eliminate C,D and E.
Then, between A and B, only A follows parallelism. "Archaeologists have excavated a hull that is X and that represents Y." Only A does that correctly.
树木生长的速度被认为是地球上太阳黑子周期最可靠的迹象之一the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles.
(A) among倒装，主语应该是the rate，所以应该用单数is。
(B) among倒装，主语应该是the rate，所以应该用单数is；tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有 一致的指代对象。
(C) on earth 放置句首修饰整个句子，不符合逻辑；their 的指代存在歧义，离它最近的是 sunspot cycles，未划线部分的 as seen 应该要紧跟其修饰的名词。
(D) tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有一致的指代对象；谓语结构不完整，应该用is believed被动语态。
(E) 正确，on Earth修饰indications，主语是the rate，谓语动词用单数is。
ACDE看起来都像有歧义会修饰到Jupiter，但是ABE有as…as硬伤，因此只能在CD当中选。而，which更容易理解成就近修饰，而且用法还错了，如果修饰jupiter的话要用circles；而circling可以看作也是massive planets的修饰成分，与most of them共同修饰massive planets
D.E，mostly作为副词，“主要地，通常地，多半地”，prep07上的解释是修饰错误，以为副词不能修饰名词
C.circling在这里不存在伴随的歧义，伴随一般是指伴随动作，因为本句唯一的句子是天文学家detected...，若认为伴随是不可的，逻辑主语就成了astronomers，逻辑错误；此处circling作定语修饰Jupiter.
另外可用固定搭配排除，as large as or larger than = at least as large as
choice a the comparison made in choice a is ok. the real problems with choice a:
- 'the ratio of 42 times' is redundant; it'd be good enough just to say '42 times'. note that the word 'ratio' is not redundant in choices c-d, since it's being used as a modifier to make a logical connection.
- it doesn't say 42 times what. not only is that unacceptably vague, but it also breaks parallelism.
choice b is badly worded: 'compares to 42 times in 1980' seems to say that, on forty-two different occasions in 1980, the ceo:blue-collar ratio reached 419:1. this is not what we are trying to say.
more generally, when speaking about ratios as is done here, you can't just write "42 times" by itself. it has to be 42 times something. sometimes you can use pronouns - the height of the sears tower is more than four times that of the statue of liberty - but you can't use empty space.
choice c exhibits proper usage of 'times' followed by their pay. it also uses the ratio, a correct identification of exactly what is being described.
the construction in choice e doesn't make sense.since that's obviously not the case here——the report points out a fact about these CEOs, not the identities of the CEOs themselves。
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Contrary to身后是名词+定语从句的结构，因此，整个Contrary to financial analysts, who predicted last year that the market for home computers would dwindle的核心词为financial analysts。但在逻辑上，能和the personal computer industry continued to show strong growth（个人电脑工业具有强劲的增长）具有“相反”的关系的，只能是分析师的预期，而不能是分析师。