Once designed with 【its】 weight concentrated in a metal center, the 【discus】 used in track competition is now lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
用于田径比赛的铁饼 曾经被设计为将重量集中在金属中心处,现在是将其放在边缘,从而提高了飞行的稳定性并导致更长的投掷。
(C) (√); Designed引导的过去分词结构作定语修饰句子主语 the discus,逻辑正确。
Once designed with…, the discus … is … now lined with…, thereby improving…
原先的设计是将重心放在金属中心处, 而现在是将其放在边缘…
生词:
discus n.(铁饼) 不误认做discuss
Perimeter n. 周边,边缘
考点:
1. 指代一致
2. line: vt. to cover the inner surface of
选项分析:
(A) it指代weight of the discus错误;划线部分is concentrated应该使用过去时态。
(B) it指代问题,同A; According to改变了原文的逻辑意思,原文不是想说根据,只是陈述客观事实。
(D) 全句缺少谓语动词。
(E) design固定搭配,没有design doing的结构; having concentrated 完成时使用没必要; 后半句没有谓语动词, and now 应该为and now is 时态改变,因此不能直接并列,前半句使用的是过去时态was.
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that
by the time they* 【reached--后发生】 adulthood, 98 percent of men* and 75 percent of women* born in the country 【had been attacked--先发生】 by the birds.
澳大利亚首次对喜鹊袭击的详细研究表明,当他们(男+女)成年时,该国出生的 98% 的男性和 75% 的女性都曾受到鸟类的袭击。
C. (√)在第一次顺读句子的时候they虽然有向前指代attacks的倾向,但看到了reached adulthood,即可排除这个倾向,而判断they是向后指代men and women;
本句把by the time放在宾语从句的最前面是最合理的,因为要强调一个截止的时间点。
宾从的时态往往会独立于主句时态。
错误选项分析:
A. 时态错误,前面是had reached adulthood,后面是have been attacked by,而事实上前者发生在后者的后面,时态混乱,而且人类在reach adulthood之后不会再有成长阶段,所以不应该用had reached adulthood,而应该用一般过去时;
再者由于be attack发生在reach adulthood前面,所以有明显的时间对比,应该be attack用过去完成时had been attacked。
B. reach的时态错误,同时使得had been attacked没有时间对比来说明be attack是发生在过去的过去;
Who引 导的定语从句是非限制性修饰,使得逻辑含义错误。
D. that were可以省略,而且that仅用于指代非人类事物;
were attacked和reach时态错误。
E. who were可以省略; adulthood后面少了逗号,错误,独立的修饰成分必须用两个逗号隔开;
把by the time插在句子中间,显得很awkward。
题目释义: Sales declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked A, …,with B.
考点:
代词指代(reference)、平行结构(parallelism)、逻辑意思(Logical predication)
1. link…with/to…固定搭配
2. 代词若离其所指代对象太远,则会造成指代不清的情况。
【Sales】 of wines declined in the late 1980s, but 【they】began to grow again after the 1991 report [that linked moderate consumption of alcohol(, and particularly of red wine, )with a reduced risk of heart disease]
葡萄酒的【销量】在 1980 年代后期有所下降,但【销量】又开始增长,在 1991 年的报告将适度饮酒(,尤其是红酒)与降低患心脏病的风险联系起来后
A. (√)
They是完全指代,指代sales of wines; and particularly of red wine中去掉and也是对的(and可放在插入语前,不影响逻辑);
begin to do或begin doing都正确;
in particular在本题不如particularly有效,因为介词太多句式会复杂。
错误选项分析:
B.【Sales】 of wines declined in the late 1980s, but after the 1991 report that linked a reduced risk of heart disease with a moderate alcohol consumption, particularly red wine(少了consumption),【they 代词太远】 began growing again (×)
red wine与alcohol consumption概念不同,不能同位修饰,应该在red wine后面也补上consumption;
they 离其所指代的sales太远,使得句子理解起来不清晰, awkward;
link A with B, A和B谁在前并不要紧。
C.【Sales】 of wines declined in the late 1980s, but in a 1991 report, moderate alcohol consumption, and particularly of red wine, 【which 指代错误】 was linked with a reduced risk of heart disease, caused them to begin to grow again (×)
in a 1991 report修饰but后整句,使句意荒谬:在报告里,酒的销量开始上升;
which指代的是red wine,错误(which通常就近指代);
particularly of red wine与moderate alcohol consumption不平行,后者应改为moderate consumption of alcohol;
cause的主语是consumption,逻辑意思很荒谬,正确的主语应该是report。
D. 【Sales】 of wines declined in the late 1980s, but with a reduced risk of heart disease linked in a 1991 report with moderate alcohol consumption, in particular (少了of)red wine, 【they 代词太远】 began growing again (×)
red wine不能同位修饰alcohol consumption,要在red wine前面加上of;
they began growing中的they离其指代对象sales过远。
E. 【Sales】 of wines declined in the late 1980s, but a reduced 【risk 主语错误】of heart disease linked to moderate alcohol consumption in a 1991 report, and in particular red wine, started 【them指代不清】them growing again (×)
in a 1991 report有修饰moderate alcohol consumption的歧义,好像consumption是发生在report里,还是A 的表达最为明确;
in particular red wine无法修饰alcohol consumption,概念不同;
start的主语是risk错误;start them中的them指代不清。
P1:以前,F报告说有 high gold content 但实际却没找到gold:
P2:现代技术检测 low gold content
C: F的检测方法不准
Assuption假设:
Gold was not added to the samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined. 在样本检测前金子没有被加入样本;
取反:. 在样本检测前金子被被加入样本→所以才能测出金含量高→所以F的测量方法没问题,削弱了原结论
前提:But good fund-raisers constantly contact less likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base.
但优秀的筹款人会不断联系不太可能的潜在客户,以扩大捐助者基础。
结论:Thus the high success rate, far from showing that the fund-raisers did a good job, shows insufficient canvassing effort
成功率高,远不能说明募捐人做得很好,而是拉票力度不够。
削弱的效果:成功率高就是因为募捐人拉票拉的好。
原文前提部分(but)提出了好的fund-raisers的标准:联系less likely prospects(不太可能的潜在客户)
= 选项 donors who had never given to the university before (以前从未向该大学捐款的捐赠者).
parabox类型的题目说的是当题干里面出现矛盾的时候,答案里面就要找到解决这个矛盾的新信息,我们把这个新信息叫做“他因”。
(题干) 非矛盾 + (指令) 削弱 = (答案) 他因
读完题干部分,
因: 廉价进口钢材使得国内钢铁企业销量变差,失业率上升,
果: 所以政府要减少廉价钢铁进口。
到目前为止,这个因到果,并没有什么矛盾的地方,一切都很自然,很和谐。这就是所谓的“非矛盾”。
这样 题干 + 指令的“逻辑打包”, 整体上是一个矛盾,因为明明整个过程很顺啊,干嘛说别人不对。
因此我们“预判”, 正确答案要给我们一个“他因”,使得确实存在矛盾,即【需要找一个理由,说明政府不该减少廉价钢铁。】
选项C :
For many Krenlandian 【manufacturers 】who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.
对于许多在国内和出口市场都面临严峻国际竞争的K国【制造商】来说,钢铁是其原材料成本的重要组成部分。=廉价钢铁可以救国内其他的制造业
K国下降廉价钢铁进口↓import → 则K国制造商的原材料成本(钢铁)会上升cost ↑→不能实现原结论里面的保护作用
行业内不仅有钢铁生产商,还有制造商,减少低价钢铁会影响制造商的成本,从而影响制造商的就业。--方案的否定性副作用
A 讲的是steel from Krenland本国钢铁,没有解决矛盾,排除
B 是不是violation 和政府不减少廉价钢铁无关,排除
D 讲钢铁的运输成本,无关,排除
E 讲了几个国家的钢铁工人的工资问题,与矛盾无关,排除
注意:
计划:扩建【铁路】
目标:减少【公路】的拥堵
A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter 【rail system 】as a means of significantly reducing congestion on the 【province's highways】 and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes.
Nevertheless, the poll results contain an indication that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, might be unlikely to achieve its goal of reducing congestion, because _______.
最近的一项民意调查发现,超过 80% 的纳尔梅德省居民赞成大规模扩建通勤【铁路系统】,以显着减少【省内高速公路】的拥堵,并愿意通过增加交通费用来帮助支付扩建费用。 在他们的税收中。
然而,民意调查结果表明,如果成功完成铁路系统的扩建,可能不太可能实现减少拥堵的目标,因为_______。
A.most people (in favor of expanding the 【rail system 】)reported less congestion during their 【highway 】commute as the primary benefit they would experience
A. 大多数赞成扩大【铁路系统】的人表示,他们在【高速公路】通勤期间的拥堵减少是他们将体验到的主要好处
A的意思是大部分人还是会走公路,只是内心希望别人不走公路改走铁路,所以不会减少公路的拥堵。
A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can 【generally 】command a high price. --通常的策略1:新产品卖高价
~~【Surprisingly】, perhaps, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest price the market will bear. --惊艳的策略2:新产品卖低价-=利润最大(∈作者的观点)
Many companies 【charge the maximum possible price 】for such a product, because they want to make as much profit* as they can and technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed. -- --大公司的策略1:新产品卖高价+原因
~~The drawback is that large profits* on the new product give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product's capabilities. --策略1:新产品卖高价的缺点
比竞争产品具有明显技术进步的产品通常可以卖出高价。
~~令人惊讶的是,最大化新产品整体利润的策略可能是收取低于市场所能承受的最高价格。
许多公司对此类产品收取尽可能高的价格,因为他们希望尽可能多地赚取利润,而技术进步往往会很快被超越。
~~缺点是新产品的高额利润给了竞争对手强大的动力去快速匹配新产品的能力。
A. The first is the position the argument advocates; the second presents grounds for rejecting an alternative position.(√)
A、第一是论证所主张的立场(--惊艳的策略2:新产品卖低价 ∈作者的观点); 第二个提出了拒绝替代立场(= 策略1:新产品卖高价)的理由。
C. The first presents a strategy for achieving a certain goal; the second presents a drawback to that strategy.(×)
C. 第一个提出了实现某个目标的策略; 第二个是该战略的一个缺点。
Being heavily committed to a course of action(, especially one that has worked well in the past, )is likely to make an executive miss 【signs】 of incipient trouble or misinterpret【 them】 when【they】 do appear.
坚定地致力于某项行动(,尤其是过去运作良好的行动,)很可能会让一位高管错过初期麻烦的迹象,或者在它们确实出现时误解它们。
动名词(being……)可以做主语:不要轻易排除
Researchers agreed【that】 the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but 【that】more research was needed to determine 【whether 】balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself.
研究人员一致认为,对心脏病发作患者的新治疗方法的研究非常重要,但需要更多的研究来确定超声之前的球囊血管成形术是否比球囊手术本身对心脏病发作患者更好。
agree that…but that…,宾语从句的平行that不能省,使句子更加清晰
whether or not的使用:
在引导宾从的时候只能够用whether,而不能加or not,否则累赘;
在引导状从的时候必须加上or not,即whether or not。
determine的内容如果现在还未最终决定下来时, is用现在时成立
In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910–1911.
历史上没有哪次哈雷彗星回归造成了跟1910-1911回归的这样的世界性范围的轰动。
an event of + 年份,正确表达
C. (√)状语对比
In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation
还原后应该是Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting...
as后面应该是(Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation) in its return of 1910–1911
由于as后面的前半大部分都是重复的,因此可以被省略掉
its return of 1910-1911:它在1910-1911的回归,介词用of很常见,当然用in也可以
A. 比较双方不对等: HC和its return
B. 比较双方不对等: HC和its return; 助动词had错误,要用一般过去时
D. 比较双方不对等: HC和its return
E. 比较对象不对等:介词短语In no other historical sighting和名词短语its return in 1910–1911对比
A. so it would be里的it指代歧义,本身应指代the largest telephone company,但是这里指代了主语a government advisory committee,错误
Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an 【especially】 serious pollutant because it diminishes 【the respiratory system's ability to deal with all other pollutants】.
二氧化硫是酸雨的主要贡献者,是一种特别严重的污染物,因为它会降低呼吸系统处理所有其他污染物的能力。
1. capability to do(√); capability of/in doing(×);
2. capable of doing (√)
3. sb's ability to do sth (√),ability of sb/sth to do sth (√)
4. capability to do不如ability to do简洁,但不可就此判错。
especially强调严重性的程度, specially强调特殊性
A. that跟在expectations后面表示具体内容; expectations的内容没有实现,不能用过去时; that没有指代。
B. correct; Would在这里表示expectation的内容没有实现。
C. 整个句式awkward, that为同位语从句引导词与of平行共同修饰expectations, 其实没有必要先说一遍
topic再接着详述,像B一样直接详述即可; doubled时态错误
D. Of短语无法明确表明expectations的核心内容,应该用同位语从句
E. 句式awkward错误同C
Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter 【would more than double】 the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
8 月份零售额增长 0.8%,增幅为 1%,强化了对 7 月至 9 月当季个人支出将比上一季度 1.4% 的增长率增加一倍以上的预期。
选项C(√)
Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power,--主谓宾
whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.--主谓宾
法国 75% 以上的能源来自核能,而核能仅占德国能源的 33% 以上
选项D(×)
Over 75 percent of 【the energy】 produced in France derives from nuclear power,
whereas just over 33 percent of 【the (×)energy ∵不是同个energy】 comes from nuclear power 【in Germany(×)位置不对,应该在energy后面】.
the energy前的定冠词the表示这个energy指代前面出现过的energy,即,生产于法国的核能,in Germany位置变成了修饰nuclear power,这句话的意思变成了“在法国,超过33%的能量来自于德国生产的核能”,失去了比较的意义
P:合法捕虾不变,但96年比92年少捕了9000吨虾
C:就是非法捕虾捕走了这9000吨
Assumption:总捕虾数量不变。如果总虾数都减少了的话,不就不能支持那9000是被非法捕走。
选项A:
The illegal lobster harvesting was 【not 否定】 so extensive that the 【population总数量】 of catchable lobsters in Belukia's territorial waters had sharply declined by 1996. 非法捕捞龙虾并没有那么密集,以至于到 1996 年,Belukia 领海中可捕捞的龙虾数量急剧下降。
A 说并没有因为大量非法捕捞而导致总↓数量减少,---这就奠定了一个数量不变的基础,正确。
思路1:取非:密集地非法捕捞龙虾→虾的总数减少→合法捕捞 + 非法捕捞的数量都减少了→非法捕捞的数量就不是9000,削弱了结论
【Were it not 虚拟语气】for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its* core, 【a star 主语 】would collapse under its own weight
要不是核聚变产生的热量和辐射从它的核心涌出,【一颗恒星】会在自身重量下坍塌
A. 前面it指代后面主句的主语,成了指代its own weight,错误;这样的虚拟语气句子, 主句必须一开头就 是主语,而不能是连词、副词,因此instead错误; its指代不清
B. Instead错误同A;本句子描述的是当下的一个假设情形下的一个假设结果,要用现在时态,用would have collapsed表示了“与过去相反(也就是表示过去没崩溃)”不对。
C. Would have to be collapsing是很混乱的时态; would have to是不很肯定的语气,其表达的是have to do 的内容只是一个假设,并不是真的“必须”,而have to表达的意思是,要做的事情非常重要,“必须” 去做
D. correct
E. it指代了its own weight,错误; its指代不清; would have caused错误同B。
more babies were born to women over the age of thirty
than (babies were born to women省略相同的S+V) under it(指代the age of thirty)
According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.
据公共卫生官员称,1998 年,马萨诸塞州成为第一个 30 岁以上女性所生婴儿多于 30 岁以下女性(所生婴儿)的州。
A. correct; than后面省略了babies born to women; 因为under与over的平行, it明确指代the age of thirty.(换句话说, 有了Under就能知道than后面省略的是women了,不用像C补出they were了)
B. under it修饰了born,逻辑意思荒谬:孩子们生下来时小于30岁。
C. 根据比较的平行 they 指代 babies,但仅补出 they were 使得 were 是助动词还是系动词不清楚,系动词 的话, under it 修饰了 they,逻辑错误,助动词的话, they were 累赘。
(they 仅指向 babies 而不是指 向 30 岁以上母亲剩下的 babies,类似的例子如: In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater
respect than they are in most Western countries.they 不是指代 Japan 的老年人,而是就老年人)
D. had时态错误,比较双方是同时发生的,应该都用一般过去时; there无并列对象。
E. had时态错误同D
A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the |price(, per milligram, 插入语)【that the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient--定语从句修饰price 】|.
一种新的生发药物的售价是【该药物制造商对另一种具有相同活性成分的产品收取的】每毫克价格的三倍。
选项D(×): the price + of what (=the price 冗余)that the drug's maker charges
charge $ for sth.: 比如charge ¥3 for the pen,
charge for sth:就某物收费的意思(不说到底收多少),如:Do you think museums should charge for admission? 你认为博物馆应该收入场费吗?
怎么想都觉得是并列。。。提供更多benefits+允许员工自由选择。如果是导致的,不就成了“让员工选择”本身就是benefits的一部分了吗。。