注意:限定条件without……
市长:迁徙水鸟在我们海滩吃蟹蛋,吸引了旅游者。为了带来更多旅游者,城市计划扩建倍增海滩面积,让蟹来筑巢。
鸟类学家:【Without a high density of crabs on a beach条件】, migrating shorebirds will go hungry。
海滩蟹的密度不高,迁徙水鸟会挨饿,因为鸟只吃蟹挖巢偶尔露出的蛋;
问:要支持市长,削弱鸟类学家的观点
B. 蟹的繁殖率高prolific,给了好条件,数量增长很快;(√)∵直接削弱条件【Without a high density of crabs on a beach】,所以不用担心鸟会挨饿
D. 开垦增加的土地为鸟提供更多空间;(×)∵鸟越多,更容易挨饿,增强鸟类学家观点,方向反
A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman 【and also --一个人的两个title】 the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
塞尔玛·拉格洛夫(Selma Lagerlöf)是一位从文学现实主义转向写瑞典北部农民生活和风景的浪漫故事的小说家,她于 1909 年成为第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女性和瑞典作家。
第一位女性和第一位瑞士作家应该是同时间的两个状态,不能一个用became一个用was。
定语从句that won the Nobel Prize for Literature应改为不定式短语to win the Nobel Prize for Literature,“变成第一位女性和第一位瑞士作家”会直接影响“赢得诺贝尔奖”这一事件的发生与否,因此应该用to do。
考点:
逻辑意思(logical predication) 习惯用语(idiom)
1. 分词短语与逻辑主语之间插入东西不好。
2. the first…to do something:“数词+不定式”,惯用法。
选项分析:
A. in 1909放在Selma前面不好, turning away的修饰对象Selma被隔远了(也是一个典型错误);
in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist荒谬的说SL只有在1909年才从现实主义文学成为浪漫小说家,应该是 1909年成为first woman…;
and后面的多处了was使得原义变为SL是第一个女人,意思不对,应去掉was
B. She无指代, and novelist Selma使得两个分句分裂成两个人的事; turn away from…to…改为了 from…and…少了“弃前取后”的逻辑关系;
as well as有主次之分,分开了first woman和first Wewdish writer的平等关系,使得that仅指代了Swedish writer,使得前面became the first woman成为第一个女 人,意思不对
C. the first…winning习惯用法错误; in addition的存在同样使句子含义犯了成为“第一个女人”的错误。
D. Correct; 在这里如果去掉了also反而不好了, 如果就X and Y, 一般是用于指两个不同的人, 如果有了 also,一般指的是对同一个对象的两个描述,不过去掉also问题也不大;
first woman和first Swedish writer必须平起平坐(凭这点就能排除A,B,C);
the first…to do sth正确用法
E. from…and错误同B; in 1909的位置不好,最好是放在becoming后面; that不能指代人;
句子逻辑上主次颠倒了,重心放到了前半部分。
补充说明:
who, whom只能指人,不可指物(如language,要用which指代); which只能指物,不可指人
传统语法规定that不能用于指人,而只能用that指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具有生命 的物体),要用whose, whose可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)
OG11-130里面说that不能指代人,只能用who来指代。 (虽然现代英语用法中that可以用于不同情形下)
Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.
早在成为去国外定居的人 expatriate很时髦之前,约瑟芬贝克就将巴黎作为她的家,并在第二次世界大战期间作为表演者和抵抗运动的情报人员留在法国。
temples 【that enshrined them】(×):定语从句,修饰the temples。这会使得temple变为enshrine的主语。在逻辑上,庙宇不能自己珍藏佛像,只能是在庙宇中,人类珍藏佛像。
选项B(√)
In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on 【the creation of Buddha images】 and on 【construction and decoration of the temples (in which they were enshrined(省略by people))】
在古代泰国,当地工匠的大部分创造力都花费在佛像的创作 以及 在(被人)供奉的佛像的寺庙的建造和装饰上
A. rate和US比较,比较对象不对等; their为完全指代,故their指代people in France, 代入句中即death rates of people in France…are far lower in France,语义重复
B. Correct
C. Their指代People in France错误;被动的使用awkward; the United States's后面的省略无法还原,比较对象不明确
D. [the rate of fatty foods consumed(×)改为the rates of consuming fatty food] in France and(+in) the United States [is(×)] about the same, the ……
the rate of fatty foods错,不是foods的rate,而应该是s的rate;
consumed in France and the United States错误,应该在the United States前加in, 同时主语rate应改为rates,且谓语动词改为are
E. [the rate of people(×)改为the rate of consumption] consuming fatty foods [is(×)] about the same in France and (+in)the United States, the
the rate of people错误,不是people的rate,应该是the rate of consumption;
同时rate应改为rates,且谓语动词改为复数,在the United States前加in
Although people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
尽管法国和美国的人们食用高脂肪食物的比率大致相同,但法国的心脏病死亡率要低得多。
选项A:(√)原句句意
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.
1800 年 4 月 24 日批准的国会法案规定将美国政府迁至新的联邦城市华盛顿特区(从句是背景--大事件),该法案还建立了国会图书馆(主句--小时件)。
选项E:(×)establishing作为伴随结果,改变句意
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also【establishing】 the Library of Congress.
1800 年 4 月 24 日通过的国会法案规定将美国政府迁至新的联邦城市华盛顿特区,导致/同时 建立国会图书馆。
Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—fewer than have been killed by bee stings.
本世纪只有七人被电影中的食人者大白鲨杀死——比被蜜蜂蜇死的还要少。
代词the ones指代有误。这个代词通常用于指代前面出现过的一堆人或物种的几个,例如:
I planted a lot of roses in my garden. The ones in white I like the best.
例句中的the ones指代的是a lot of roses中的几朵。在本题中,显然同一群人不可能即被鲨鱼咬死又被蜜蜂咬死。
A. less错误, seven people是复数概念,要用fewer修饰。 比较的是一个带有数值概念的复数名词seven people,后文用those仅仅指代了people, 失去了”数值概念”,所以是错误的,唯一一个好的解决方法是than后面省略主语,后面补出have been,让省略的主语自动拥有”数值”属性
B. correct; than可以即做连词又做代词(当然还可以做介词),即than作为比较连词的同时指代了people(见prep 1-202); 另外破折号的使用是适合的
C. which指代了the great white shark(或者也可以说是指代man-eater,其实逻辑上无区别,所以可以说是指代等价的),使得逻辑错误,并不是shark less than…而应该是人数更少,应该是seven people are fewer than…; less错误,同A; than后面要用have been(同A)
D. a number同位语与其所修饰对象seven people太远; number不能跟people相比较,因为单纯的people 并没有”数值属性”
E. the ones没有”数值”概念,无法与seven进行数值上的比较; than后面应该用句子而非代词the ones,因为要与与前面意群(句子Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark)平行。
Not one of the potential investors 【is 单数】 expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed 【that includes a provision for penalties 定从修饰merger,为突出主干倒装】 【if=in case (that) +虚拟语气 the deal were 】 not to be concluded.
在签署合并协议之前,预计没有一个潜在投资者会提出收购 First Interstate Bank 的要约,其中包括如果交易未完成将受到处罚的条款。
Plants are more efficient than fungi at 【acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide,(√)】 and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
在以二氧化碳的形式获取碳并将其转化为富含能量的糖类方面,植物比真菌更有效。
在逻辑上,真正以二氧化碳方式的应该是吸收碳元素的过程(即,acquire carbon),而不是fungi。
A选项:
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are【fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide, (×)】and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
at acquiring carbon的位置不对,注意在划线部分身后的in the form of carbon dioxide,是一个插入语,会就近修饰fungi,
B选项:at acquiring carbon的位置不对同(A);并且,比较有【歧义】,fungi后or前少了are
①本选项有可能被理解为:
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than (Plants are more efficient at acquiring )fungi --宾语比较
植物 在获取碳方面比(植物在获取真菌方面)更有效
② 实际作者的意思是:
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi (are more efficient at acquiring carbon)--主语比较
植物在获取碳方面比真菌(在获取碳方面)更有效
因此,应该在fungi前or身加are。
The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights have consistently received the unqualified support of labor
强烈支持有利于民权的立法的三位女性自由活动家一直得到劳工的无条件支持
unqualifying:没资格的
unqualified:无条件的
receive support by sb(×)
receive support of sb/from sb (√)
DE改变逻辑语义,用consistent修饰名词support,而consistently本来应该修饰动词receive的
P:small companies can't 转换生产线 to 满足 政府的新生产规范new manufacturing specifications
C: only large companies remain (即,small companies not remain)
搭桥:E 小公司不能满足整改要求,留不下来,所以只有大公司留的下来
选项E(√)
None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.
目前,这七家 small companies没有一家按照政府在行业受到监管时制定的规格来生产产品。;取非:至少有其中一家 small companies 按照政府规范来生产产品,那 small companies就会remain,即不会只有large companies留下来 remain,所以削弱题干的结论( only large companies remain)。
A. 如果政府不规范 if the government does not regulate,三家大公司中没有一家会退出市场;(×)原文讨论是规范的情况 If the government regulates,跳出范围,排
原文:
Hyksos人入侵并统治Egypt(于公元前 1650 年至 1550 年)。
(结论)archaeologists推测:Hyksos人的祖先是 Canaanites人。
(证据)发掘的文物相同:Avaris地区(∈H人统治下的Egypt) == Ashkelon地区(∈C人的) ,【在H人入侵时期at the time of the Hyksos invasion(=H人入侵后 after the Hyksos invasion)】
问Premise前提?
❤ 选项里面有whether,则观察选项里面出现的control goup,选择含有限定条件(时间、地点……)与原文相反的选项
选项E(√)
Whether 在Avaris地区(∈H人统治下的Egypt)发现的***与在Ashkelon地区(∈C人)生产的文物相似***的许多文物 可以追溯到【Hyksos入侵之前before the Hyksos invasion】
此选项【Hyksos入侵之前before the Hyksos invasion】←相反的限定条件(时间)→原文【at the time of the Hyksos invasion(=入侵后after the Hyksos invasion)】
回答Yes,则说明就是H人带去C区的,所以H人的祖先是C人,有效;
回答No,则说明不是H人带去C区的,所以H人的祖先不是C人,无效。
选项D(×)
Whether 【after 1550 B.C.公元前 1550 年之后 (×)∵不是原文after 相反的限定条件】,Avaris(∈Hyksos)地区 继续生产 类似于 在Avaris(∈Hyksos)地区发现的文物
题型:果因推理(现象解释题)
评估:CQ1找他因,解释现象。CQ2:因果联系link
原文:
(过去)两个世纪前,T Peninsula(半岛) 分离= mainland(旧大陆) +T island(新小岛),T island有新的向日葵。
(现在)
T island的向日葵后代 比mainland的向日葵短 40 cm。①现象(果)--后发生
T Island 比T Peninsula(=mainland旧大陆)气候干燥。② 解释(因)--先发生
所以,出现①现象的原因是②
问assumption:【取非的选项 can 削弱 原文的结论】
选项B(√)
mainland's environment 旧大陆环境并没有改变 → mainland旧大陆的向日葵 比两个世纪前高出40cm。
--取非:mainland 旧大陆环境改变 → mainland的向日葵 比两个世纪前高出40cm。(【他因削弱】了原结论,说明T island 的花变矮不是因为②(本岛气候干),而是其他原因(mainland's environment 旧大陆环境的变化)
选项C(×)
The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
与mainland旧大陆不同,T Island的土壤缺乏养分,这种养分有助于向日葵在干燥环境中生长。
--取非:T island 的土壤 含有养分,这种养分有助于向日葵在干燥环境中生长。(则是T island向日葵就不会那么矮,弥补了气候干的影响,所以加强原结论:出现①现象的原因是②,说明就是T island的气候干燥导致是T island的向日葵长得矮。)
A scrub jay (灌木松鸦) 【can remember】 when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and 【tends not to bother】 to recover a perishable treat(易腐烂的食物)(stored long enough to have rotted 分词修饰语作为形容词).
研究人员发现,灌木松鸦可以记住它何时将特定的食物存放在特定的地方,并且,往往不会费心去恢复易腐烂食物(这种食物储存太久以致腐烂)。
选项A(×):
使用if从句的话,要主将从现,if …… will tend…… 。此处if从句省去主谓, 还原后主语是jay,而不是treat
Can tend ……能往往(语义不通)
是
The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many 【direct contact】 with 【the latter】 by means of an ichana (dream) experience.
Q认为,万物都参与了现实的物质层面和神秘层面,并通过梦境体验【与后者直接接触】。
adv.修饰adj.或者v.,不修饰n.
A选项:contact with it 【directly (×)】with
Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees,
but such work has not addressed either 【logging(, which removes only selected trees,)】 or 【surface fires (that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest)】.
过去对巴西雨林的评估使用卫星图像 来统计((tally)砍伐森林的地区,这些地区是农民和牧场主已经将所有树木都砍伐并烧毁,
但这项工作既没有解决【伐木(这种伐木仅移除选定的树木)】,也没有解决【地表火灾(这种火灾烧毁单株树木但不破坏(denude)森林)】。
选项D(√)
The systematic clearing of forests in the United States
created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, (好)
【 but 转折】 it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions. (坏)
美国系统性的森林砍伐创造了农田(尤其是在东北部)并为消费者提供了相对便宜的房屋和家具,但它也造成了侵蚀并很快毁坏了整个地区的森林。
选项A:倒装用动词原形;句子逻辑关系是转折
【Not only (×)是转折,不是递进】did (倒装) the systematic clearing of forests in the United States 【create 】farmland (especially in the Northeast) and 【gave(×)倒装用原形give】 consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture,【 but it also(×)是转折,不是递进】 caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
and并列:“把砖放入泥土中(form the mud or clay into bricks)”和“把砖安放的墙中(lay them in the wall in mud mortar)
去掉插入语:method has been 【to form ……】, and【to lay……】
选项D:(√)
There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay,
but the most extensively used method has been 【to form the mud or clay into bricks 动作1】, and【, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar 动作2】.
有几种方法可以仅使用泥或粘土来建造坚固的墙壁,
但最广泛使用的方法是【将泥或粘土制成砖块】,然后【在初步风干或晒干后,用泥浆砌筑墙内】。
选项A(×):平行对象成分不一致,因为名词短语和句子不能平行
method has been 【the forming of bricks out of mud or clay 名词短语】, and【, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar 句子】
做黑脸题一般就想尽量快。这道题首先把握态度,it's generally true...it is also true... HOWEVER
那么前面就是opposition,句尾的in consequence表明了这句话阐述了一个结果,复合因果关系pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate predicts will not hold in the case at issue。
而后一个黑体字句子,是在一个虚拟语气里面,表示一种假设,a consideration in support of that prediction。选C