类型:枚举推理--逻辑缺陷(=削弱题)
C:现在的欧洲画家的技巧 skills 不及几个世纪之前的画家
P:书中比较了50个当代画作和50个古代画作,而这50个当代作品没有一个可以与古代作品媲美
❤ 出现统计数据(50个旧 v.s.50个新),攻击数据样本。(样本代表性问题)
A (√ )The paintings chosen by the book's author for analysis could be 【those that most support the book's thesis】.
作者选择画的时候,专挑那种能支持这个结论的画。→ 说明样本不具有代表性,不足以支持结论。(selection bias 选择性偏差)
People buy prestige(声望、名气) when they buy a premium product(优质产品). They want to be 【associated with something special与一些特别的东西联系】. Mass-marketing techniques(大众营销技巧) and price reduction strategies(降价策略) should not be used because _____.
人们在购买优质产品时会购买声望。 他们想【与一些特别的东西联系】在一起。 不应使用大众营销技巧和降价策略,因为____。
B. continued sales depend directly on the【 maintenance of an aura of exclusivity 】(√)∵特别的东西 = 独家
B. 持续销售直接取决于【保持独家光环】
A. 【Affluent 】purchasers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all purchasers .(×)富裕的消费者%↓--无关
C. purchasers of premium products are concerned with the 【quality as well as with the price】 of the products. (×)质量和价格--无关
D.expansion of the market niche. (×)扩大利基市场--无关
E. manufacturing cost. (×)制造成本--无关
演绎推理:
原文有some,结论也要有some,这才严谨
原文:
Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream cholesterol levels by increasing the body's capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol.
即: HDL↑ →→ C level↓
Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of 【some individuals】 are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.
即:regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的 HDL↑
※ 串起来:regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的 HDL↑ →→ 某些人的 C level↓
选项D:A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of 【some individuals.(√)】
即:regular exercise and weight reduction →→ 某些人的C level↓
选项B:【Individuals(×)】 who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.
演绎推理:(得出结论C,不要出现新信息)
R:90%人认识失业者
S:But a normal, moderate level of unemployment 正常情况,适中的失业率为5%,20人里一人失业。这样如果一个人认识50人,1人或以上失业的概率很大
A选项(√)
The fact that 【90 percent of the people know someone who is unemployed,R的看法】 is 【not】 an indication that 【unemployment is abnormally high,S说这是正常的】.
90%的人认识失业的人这个事实【并不能表明not an indication that】失业率特别高。
目标:融资(+$)
方案:在5年中提高过桥费
原文:increase ridership dramatically 增加乘客量(第一句:隐秘前提P)→ 可以raising automobile tolls 提高过桥费(第二句:搭桥)→融资finance these improvements、securing the necessary funds (+$)
题目:削弱
A.实施前可能有反对objection,但不一定会阻止方案通过
C 买更多“优惠券” 延迟postpone增长效果,最后还是要付钱。∈通勤者们应对方案的方法,和方案本身的属性无关
E 无关
B 为调整自动收费机付费$,增加了实施方案的额外成本。∈方案副作用 ,但强度小于选项D。
D 上次增长过路费 20%的人【regular commuter traffic 】就换线路了switched to a slightly longer alternative route, 这次再增长,可能换线路人更多,那就意味着交过路费的人变少,政府收到的钱变少(-$),所以不能达到目标。(直接减少了乘客量ridership=【regular commuter traffic 】,攻击了隐蔽前提)
选项C(√):
On the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa, water remains frozen,
but the gravitational 【force】 of Jupiter and its other moons 【causes】 【contractions 】(that may generate enough heat to melt ice below Europa's surface).
在木星的卫星欧罗巴表面,水仍然结冰,
但是木星和其他卫星的【引力】会【造成】【收缩】(,从而产生足够的热量来融化木卫二表面以下的冰)。
※ 主语是【force】单数 ,所以用【causes】
※ That从句:解释说明【contractions收缩力 】
※ 根据语义:【引力】会【造成】【收缩】,【收缩】产生热量
C, the gravitational force causes contractions that may generate so much heat. 引力→造成收缩力(√),收缩→产生热量。(√)
D, the gravitational force, causing contractions, may generate so much heat. 引力→造成收缩力(√),引力→产生热量。(×)
选项E(√)
The Scandinavian assault on Western Europe culminated in the early eleventh century with the Danish conquest of the English kingdom,
an 【achievement】 that other Scandinavian kings attempted to 【repeat】 later in the century, but (other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later 被省略) without success.
斯堪的纳维亚对西欧的进攻在 11 世纪初 随着丹麦征服英国王国 而达到高潮,
其他斯堪的纳维亚国王试图在本世纪后期【重复】这一【成就】,但(其他斯堪的纳维亚国王试图在以后重复)没有成功。
A选项(×):【the English kingdom(×)】, which other Scandinavian kings attempted to 【repeat】, unsuccessfully, later in the same century
能被重复的(repeat的宾语)只能是过去的成就achievement,而不能是“英国he English kingdom”。
C选项(×):an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat, but were not successful at 【it(×)】
根据语义,were not successful at的对象应该是整个复制的行为,而不是某一个单数名词。
it只能指代单数名词,不能指代句子(整个复制的行为,即,other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat)。
D选项(×):an achievement attempted later in the century by other Scandinavian kings 【that (×)】was not successful
尝试复制和没有成功之间的关系是转折(but),而不是解释说明(that)。
并且,that was not successful的主语(×)
Since digital recording offers essentially perfect reproduction—on compact discs, digital audiotapes, or digital videodiscs—
audiophiles can accumulate 【vast collections of music】, transferring【 it =music】 from one format to another, copying 【 it =music】, and digitally altering 【 it =music】 with little effort and no damage to the sound quality.
由于数字录音提供了本质上完美的复制——在光盘、数字录音带或数字视频光盘上——
发烧友可以积累【大量的音乐】,将【其=音乐】从一种格式转换为另一种格式,复制并以数字方式对其进行修改,而无需费力且不会损坏音乐。 音质。
∵ 能被从一种格式转换成另一种格式(transfer from one format to another)的只能是【music】,而不能是collections of music(算是代词前唯一的较为合理的复数名词了)。所以用 【it】
vast collections of 大量的(类似于形容词,修饰music)
类似句子:
My grandfather bought literally thousands of bottles of 【aspirin】, just to ensure that his family would never run out of 【it】 even in the event of a nuclear disaster.
"It" = aspirin. 用完的是aspirin,而不是bottles
E选项(×):逻辑主语错误(看前文Though从句)
主语应该是:被作为能源用于房屋加热系统,热水壶,和工业熔炉的东西应该是“天然气(natural gas)”,而不是“在美国被消耗的能源(the energy consumed in the United States)”。
【Though】[widely used for decades to fuel home heating systems, utility boilers, and industrial furnaces], 【natural gas 】has still accounted for far less of the energy consumed in the United States than has oil.
【尽管】[几十年来广泛用于家庭供暖系统、公用锅炉和工业炉的燃料],【天然气】在美国消耗的能源中仍然远远低于石油。
height 和 high一起出现:(×)∵冗余
长到:grow to (√);grow up to ((×)
In undisturbed primary forests, the Honduran mahogany grows to a height of 130 feet,
with a buttressed trunk and with a crown that spreads over the canopy of lesser trees.
在未受干扰的原始森林中,洪都拉斯桃花心木长到 130 英尺的高度,
带着有支撑的树干 和 覆盖较小树木的树冠的皇冠。
A 主系表(×):feelings are products of the conscious mind, reflecting the interpretation of emotions.
C 主谓宾(√更优):that feelings, which are products of the conscious mind, reflect the interpretation of emotions.
maintain that从句……,and(that)从句……:第二个that可省略
Contemporary cognitive scientists maintain
that emotions, which are biological functions, evolved in the nervous system to help animals survive in hostile environments and procreate,
and (that) feelings, which are products of the conscious mind, reflect the interpretation of emotions.
当代认知科学家认为,
作为生物功能的情绪在神经系统中进化,以帮助动物在恶劣的环境中生存和繁殖,
而感觉是有意识的产物,反映了对情绪的解释。
C. all the other planets, each of which 【contributing ×】according to its :which从句要有谓语动词
D. all the other planets, each 【contributing √】 according to its
题目中的organizational changes
= D选项:workers who moved to Alameda because they had skills for which there was no demand in Alameda prior to the introduction of microelectronics there.
组织变革= 搬到阿拉米达的工人他拥有在阿拉米达引入微电子之前没有需求的技能。
题目:
farme希望minimize最小化 (政策) 对 profits of the grain quota 的影响(前文:影响指 限制↓耕种的粮食面积 limiting farmers to a certain flat percentage of the grain acreage they cultivated previously.)
选项D:
Put marginal land under cultivation and grow grain on it.
耕种边际土地,并在其上种植粮食。(增加↑耕种的粮食面积)
题型:a serious potential weakness 削弱题 (削弱plan,也就是削弱题+目标管理题)
削弱方法:他因削弱/ 拆桥削弱/ 不具有可行性、实行起来没有效果、有副作用(目标管理的削弱)
plan方案: end all current diversions from the upstream tributaries.--终止上流直流的分流
goal目标: not stop the 【dropping water level of Delta 】--水位不下降
E. 最相关
Much of the recent 【drop in the delta’s water level 目标 】can be attributed to 【a prolonged drought 他因】 that has recently ended.
水位下降是因为刚刚结束的干旱--(他因削弱)
【high ratings】 employees:satisfied with the system.
【best-performing】employees: liked the system
assumption搭桥:填补 【high ratings】和【best-performing】之间的gap
B:The company's 【best-performing】 employees received 【high ratings. 表现好,得分高。→系统好
取非削弱:表现好,得分低→系统不好
♠ 注意:限定条件【during a competition 比赛中】
目的:The [device] is intended to help [doctors] decide whether an athlete who has received a blow to the head 【during a competition】 should be sent back into the game.
这个[设备]用来帮助[医生]决定是否应将在比赛中头部受到打击的运动员送回【比赛中】。
选项B最相关:
B选项:Whether by use of this [device] [doctors] will be able to make a sound decision about whether to allow an athlete back into the【 competition before it ends】
通过使用该[设备],[医生]是否能够在【比赛结束前】就是否允许运动员重返赛场做出明智的决定
回答yes or no 分别指出设备有效和无效
(评价有效性:注意限定的有效条件:时间、类型、地点……)
OG类似题目:评价【教室内】上电脑课纠正姿势减少手腕受伤
正确选项:whether【教室外】
总结:评估→聪明人“动情”
原文:whether a wise person should try to 【achieve the Stoic ideal of complete emotionlessness 实现没有感情的stoic理想】。
C:无论目标多么令人向往,一个聪明的人wise person 永远无法【attain it 实现它=实现没有感情的emotionlessness stoic理想】,
P:∵ 情绪emotion不仅仅是not simply 非理性的冲动 irrational urges。
(对比 rather)情绪emotion is 一个人【估计 estimate 】其目睹的事件、人物和行为好坏的产物。
结论是:【聪明人①】永远不可能达到【无情②】。
前提是:【情感②】是人们对好坏的【评估③】(也就是你只要评估了,就会有情)
assumption假设:搭桥gap ①←②→③
选项A:
【Wise people=wise person ①】 inevitably 【evaluate=估计 estimate③ 】 at least some of the 【things they observe=情绪emotion②】.
【聪明的人 ①】不可避免地会至少【评估③】他们【观察到的一些事情②】。
取非:聪明的人 对他们看到的一些东西 【不】评估evaluate---那就没有emotion---达成emotionlessness---削弱
题型:目标管理
削弱方法:他因削弱/ 拆桥削弱 / 目标达不成goal,没有效果、不可行、有副作用(以目标为核心,结果为导向)
逻辑链:
Goal:recognize the【 artistic intentions 】of composers 要识别出作曲家背后的艺术意图
Plan:【teaching 】elementary school students to compose music 教小学生作曲
How削弱: 你教小学生作曲,他们也没办法识别出这个艺术灵感。
B最相关:
【Traditional education】 facilitates the appreciation of visual art, but “not”’ the recognition of the 【artistic intentions】 of artists.
传统教育促进了视觉艺术的欣赏,而不是识别出艺术家的艺术意图。
※ 直接排除法:无关选项--迅速排除ABCE
※ 文章非常狡猾:
一定要注意【前提句P & 结论句C】 中各自的【指代对象】。
本题出现两个事物(类比题):A(种植的小麦)和 B(野生的小麦),问B怎么变成A。
A:【cultivated emmer wheat种植的小麦】← →【the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat 指代前文の种植的小麦】
B:**wild form of emmer wheat 野生的小麦**← → **emmer wheat 指代前文の野生的小麦**
同义词:种植的 cultivated= domesticated
原文:
Traces of 【cultivated emmer wheat种植的小麦】 have been found among the 【earliest agricultural remains】 of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia.
The only place where the **wild form of emmer wheat 野生的小麦** has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.
Since 【the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat 指代前文の种植的小麦】yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that **emmer wheat 指代前文の野生的小麦** was 【first domesticated】 somewhere in that strip.
~~~
在E&A早期农业遗址(①地) 发现了cultivated E(种植的小麦)。
在sA地发现 wild E(野生的小麦)的地方只有一处,即narrow strip(②地)
P ∵ cultivated E的最早发现地(①)是在同一片的narrow strip(②)
C ∴ E首次种植(first domesticated)在这片区域。
问题:How 增强
D 从种植前的年代开始,wild E (野生的小麦)所在这片区域气候没什么变化climatic conditions have changed very little
∈排他增强,即,控制其他条件不变(√)
A 讨论其他小麦 another wild wheat, einkorn,无关
B 谈产量yield,无关
C 提到营养价值nutritious,无关
E 如何区分 differentiate E和其他野生小麦,无关